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Principles - Kate > Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

what are the two main circulatory systems?

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

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2
Q

what is the function of circulatory systems?

A

distribution of gases and other molecules for nutrition, growth and repair
chemical signalling (hormones)
thermoregulation
mediate inflammation

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3
Q

what are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

arterial system, venous system, heart

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4
Q

what are the two main cardiovascular circulations?

A

pulmonary (to the lungs) and systemic (to capillary beds of organs and tissues)

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5
Q

what does diastole and systole mean?

A

diastole - contraction

systole - relaxation

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6
Q

what contract first, atria or ventricles?

A

atria

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7
Q

what are the three layers of the heart starting from the outside?

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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8
Q

what forms the right border of the heart?

A

right atrium

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9
Q

what forms the most anterior surface of the heart?

A

right ventricle

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10
Q

what forms the posterior surface of the heart?

A

left atrium

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11
Q

what forms the left border of the heart?

A

left ventricle

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12
Q

what are the great vessels of the cardiovascular system?

A

aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk that divides into left and right pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins (x4)

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13
Q

what is the purpose of cardiac valves?

A

to ensure uni-directional blood flow

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14
Q

where is the pulmonary valve?

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

where is the tricuspid valve?

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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16
Q

where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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17
Q

where is the aortic valve?

A

between left ventricle an aorta

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18
Q

what is lumen?

A

the space that the blow flows

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19
Q

what are arteries?

A

carry oxygenated blood, round lumen, pulsatile, supply a territory

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20
Q

what do the terms bifurcation, trifurcation and common/trunk mean?

A

bifurcation - split into two
trifurcation - spilt into three
common/trunk - will divide

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21
Q

what contracts in order to narrow the lumen of a blood vessel?

A

the smooth muscle in the tunica media

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22
Q

what happens if you decrease/increase the sympathetic tone of an artery?

A

decrease tone, dilate further

increase tone, constrict further

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23
Q

what is an anastomosis?

A

where the arteries connect with each other without intervening capillary beds

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24
Q

what are alternative routes in an anastomosis known as?

A

collateral arteries/circulation

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25
what is an end artery?
the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body (no collateral vessels)
26
what happens if you leave an occlusion in an end artery untreated?
infarction (irreversible cell death due to hypoxia - lack of oxygen)
27
where does all systemic arterial blood enter?
aorta
28
why is it important the aorta has elastic recoil?
to maintain peripheral flow when the heart relaxes
29
what are the four parts of the aorta?
ascending aorta: 2 branches (left coronary artery and right coronary artery) arch of aorta: 3 branches thoracic aorta: numerous branches abdominal aorta: 3 unpaired midline branches, several paired, bilateral branches
30
what are the three branches of the arch of aorta?
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
31
where is the carotid pulse?
at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
32
where is the femoral artery?
the continuation of the external iliac artery in the midpoint if the groin
33
where is the popliteal artery pulse?
posterior to the knee joint
34
where is the dorsals pedis artery pulse?
on the dorsum of the foot
35
where is the brachial artery pulse?
anterior to the elbow joint
36
where is the radial artery pulse?
radial side of the palmer aspect of the wrist
37
what are veins?
carry deoxygenated blood, low pressure and non-pulsatile, drain blood away from a territory, have valves and thin walls that collapse when empty
38
what do veins merge with?
venules
39
how is venous blood pumped back to the heart?
venous valves, skeletal muscle pump, venae comitantes, valves are forced open when the muscle contracts
40
what are superficial veins?
small and run within superficial fascia then drain into deep veins which are larger
41
what are the two main venous systems?
system venous systems (drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues into the superior or inferior vena cava) and hepatic portal venous system (drains venous blood from absorptive parts if the GI tract and associated organs to the liver for cleaning
42
what are capillaries?
form extensive vascular networks, lined with single layer of endothelium, narrow lumen (one erythrocyte at a time), allow for exchange of gases, metabolite and waste products
43
where is lymph returned to the central veins from the lymph nodes?
root of the neck (venous angles)
44
what do lymphatic capillaries collect?
tissue fluid, which once it has entered the lymphatic system is referred to as lymph
45
what does the right and left lymphatic ducts drain into?
right - right venous angle | left - left venous angle
46
can lymph nodes normally be palpated?
no
47
what are the two types of skeleton?
axial and appendicular skeleton
48
what is the axial skeleton?
bones of the skull, neck and the trunk
49
what is the appendicular skeleton?
bones of the upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs, pectoral girdle
50
what's the bone in the arm?
humerus
51
what are the two bones in the forearm?
radius and ulna
52
what are the three bones in the hand?
carpal (wrist), metacarpals (palm), phalanges (fingers)
53
what is the bone in the thigh?
femur
54
what are the two bones in the leg?
tibia and fibula
55
what are the three bones in the foot?
tarsal (hind foot/midfoot), metatarsals (forefoot), phalanges (forefoot-toes)
56
how do bones develop?
an adjacent structure (e.g. tendon, blood vessel, bone) will apply force to the developing bone, moulding the shape accordingly. the bone has to grow around the other structure forming a foremen (a hole)
57
what makes up the skeleton?
bones and cartilage
58
what are the functions of bones?
support of protection of the body organs, calcium metabolism, red blood cell formation, attachment for skeletal muscles
59
what are the functions of cartilage?
less rigid than bone, located where mobility is required, at articulations (joints)
60
what are the functions of the joints?
movement of the skeleton occurs at the joints, skeletal muscles contract to move the bone
61
what are the three types of joints?
synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous
62
what's the relationship between mobility and stability in joints?
increased mobility = decreased stability | decreased mobility = increased stability
63
what are the sensations detected by the sensory receptors of the joint's nerves?
pain, touch, temperature, proprioception
64
what is skeletal muscle?
produce movement, found deep to deep fascia, covered by tough fibrous connective tissue
65
what are the advantages of longer muscle fibre?
greater potential range of shortening and greater potential range of movement produced by the joint
66
where are the two points of attachment between the bone and skeletal muscle?
the origins on one side of the joint and the insertions are on the other side of the joint, tendons attach muscle to the bone, found at either end of the muscle and are non-contractile
67
what can the skeletal muscle do?
move the origin and insertion closer together during contraction, muscle fibres shorten along the long axis between the origin and insertion
68
what us an aponeurosis?
flattened tendon, attach muscle of soft tissue to skeletal muscle
69
what are reflexes?
automatic movement made by the nervous system and muscle, protective
70
what are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscle?
stretch reflex and flection withdrawal reflex (touch something potentially damaging)
71
what does a normal stretch reflex indicate is functioning normally?
the muscle, sensory nerve fibres, motor nerve fibres. spinal cord connections between the two, neuromuscular junctions, descending controls from the brain
72
what is paralysis?
a muscle without a function motor nerve supply, cannot contract, muscle would have reduced tone
73
what is spasticity?
muscles have an intact and functioning motor nerve supply, descending controls from the brain are not working, muscle has increased tone

Principles - Kate (10 decks)

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