Gross Anatomy Final

Question 1

What separates superior from inferior mediastinum? Which vertebral level?

Answer 1

Sternal angle - b/w T4 and T5

Question 2

Which division of inferior mediastinum is the thymus found in?

Answer 2

Anterior mediastinum

Question 3

Middle mediastinum contains?

Answer 3

pericardium, the heart, and the roots of the great vessels

Question 4

The posterior mediastinum contains?

Answer 4

esophagus, vagus nerves, azygos system of veins, thoracic duct, thoracic aorta

Question 5

Sternal angle is landmark for? (6 things)

Answer 5

• Boundary between the superior and inferior mediastinum
• Superior border of the pericardium
• Bifurcation of the trachea
• End of the ascending aorta
• Beginning and end of the arch of the aorta
• Beginning of the thoracic aorta

Question 6

Pericardium divisons

Answer 6

1. Fibrous pericardium -> prevents rapid overfilling of heart
2. Parietal serous pericardium
3. Parietal visceral pericardium

2+3 are continuous with each other at lines of reflection located around the pulmonary veins and the inferior vena cava

Question 7

Ligamentum arteriosum connects which 2 structures

Answer 7

left pulmonary artery to the arch of the aorta.

Question 8

Apex of heart is located at the?

Answer 8

Left 5th intercostal space 9cm from midline

Question 9

Boundaries of superior mediastinum

Answer 9

Superior – superior thoracic aperture
Posterior – bodies of vertebrae T1 to T4
Anterior – manubrium of the sternum
Lateral – mediastinal pleurae (left and right)
Inferior – horizontal plane passing through the sternal angle and T4/T5 intervertebral disk.

Question 10

SVC passes anterior or posterior to root of lung?

Answer 10

Anterior

Question 11

Phrenic nerve is accompanied by which vessels?

Answer 11

Pericardiacophrenic artery and vein

Question 12

Mediastinal tumors or aortic aneurysms can compress which nerve? cause what?

Answer 12

left recurrent laryngeal

paralysis of left vocal fold and hoarseness

Question 13

Cardiac plexus formed by?

Located?

Answer 13

cardiac branches from the sympathetic trunk and the vagus nerve

lies inferior to aortic arch

Question 14

Relation of phrenic and vagus nerves relative to root of the lung

Answer 14

Phrenic = anterior

vagus = posterior

Question 15

Which cardiac vein drains does NOT drain into the coronary sinus? Where does it drain instead?

Answer 15

Anterior cardiac veins -> right atrium

Question 16

The anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery is accompanied by the?

Answer 16

Great cardiac vein

Question 17

Where does the LCA begin?

RCA?

Answer 17

LCA - b/w left auricle and pulmonary trunk

RCA - b/w right auricle and ascending aorta

Question 18

The SA nodal branch comes of which artery?

Answer 18

Anterior right atrial branch of RCA

Question 19

Marginal branch of RCA is accompanied by which vein?

Answer 19

small cardiac vein

Question 20

posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery accompanies the

What does it supply

Answer 20

middle cardiac vein

LV wall and post portion of IV septum

Question 21

Location of the SA node and AV node

Answer 21

SA node - lies at the superior end of the crista terminalis at the junction between the right atrium and the superior vena cava.

AV node - located in the interatrial septum, above the opening of the coronary sinus.

Question 22

What connects papillary muscles to the valve

Answer 22

chordae tendinae

Question 23

List papillary muscles in RV

Answer 23

anterior - biggest
septal - smallest
posterior

Question 24

What contains part of the right bundle of the conducting system - part that stimulates anterior papillary muscles

(mentioned twice)

Answer 24

Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)

-extends from IV septum to base of anterior papillary muscle

Question 25

cone-shaped portion of the right ventricle inferior to the opening of the pulmonary trunk is called

Answer 25

conus arteriosus

Question 26

Name the 3 cusps of pulmonary valve What does the nodule do?

Answer 26

ant, right and left semilunar cusps divides the free edge of the semilunar valve cusp into two halves. Each half is referred to as a LUNULE. The nodule and lunules help to seal the valve cusps and prevent backflow of blood during diastole.

Question 27

Referred pain for heart attack through which nerve? | branch of which nerve and which vertebral level?

Answer 27

Intercostobrachial nerve Lateral cutaneous branch of 2nd intercostal nerve (T2)

Question 28

Origins? Posterior intercostal a. Anterior intercostal a.

Answer 28

Posterior intercostal a. -> thoracic aorta Anterior intercostal a. -> internal thoracic a.

Question 29

The portion of the parietal pleura that adheres to the walls of the mediastinum is referred to as

Answer 29

mediastinal parietal pleura

Question 30

The two brachiocephalic veins meet to form the SVC at which point?

Answer 30

posterior to the inferior border of the R 1st costal cartilage

Question 31

The epicardium contains?

Answer 31

Visceral pericardium + epicardial fat

Question 32

Borders of the heart

Answer 32

R border: formed by the R atrium Inferior border: formed by the R ventricle and a small part of the L ventricle. L border: formed by the L ventricle Superior border: formed by the R & L atria and auricles.

Question 33

Surfaces of the heart

Answer 33

Sternocostal (anterior) surface: formed mainly by the R ventricle. Diaphragmatic (inferior) surface: formed mainly by the L ventricle and a small part of the R ventricle. Pulmonary (Left) surface: formed mainly by the L ventricle. The pulmonary surface of the heart is in contact with the cardiac impression of the L lung.

Question 34

Pericardium attaches to diaphragm using the

Answer 34

central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 35

What does the post interventricular branch of RCA anastomose w/?

Answer 35

Ant interventricular branch of LCA

Question 36

Opening for the LCA and RCA?

Answer 36

left and right aortic sinuses

Question 37

TRICUSPID VALVE Chordae tendinae attach to which cusps for the 3 papillary muscles?

Answer 37

Anterior papillary m: largest, attach to anterior & posterior cusps Posterior papillary m: attach to posterior and septal cusps Septal papillary m: smallest, attach to septal and anterior cusps

Question 38

R brachiocephalic formed by which 2 veins?

Answer 38

internal jugular and right subclavian veins