gross anatomy of back

Question 1

Concave curvatures of the spine

Answer 1

cervical and lumbar

Question 2

convex curvatures of spine

Answer 2

thoracic and sacral

Question 3

abnormal spine curvatures

Answer 3

scoliosis (abnormal lateral curve)
kyphosis (hunchback)
lordosis (swayback)

Question 4

seven processes per vertebra

Answer 4

spinous process, transverse process (2), superior articular processes (2), inferior articular process (2)

Question 5

pars interarticularis

Answer 5

segment of bone in between superior and inferior articular facet

Question 6

what does a defect of the pars interarticularis lead to?

Answer 6

Spondylolysis

Question 7

what is the ligamentum flavum

Answer 7

connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Question 8

what is the intervetrebal disc made of?

Answer 8

nucleus pulposus, anulus fibrosus

Question 9

which spinal nerve does not participate in dermatomes

Answer 9

C1

Question 10

what is a dermatome?

Answer 10

area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

Question 11

what do the dorsal and ventral roots combine to form?

Answer 11

spinal nerves

Question 12

where do spinal nerves emerge from?

Answer 12

intervertebral foramina

Question 13

plexuses?

Answer 13

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral. (T2-T12 not included)

Question 14

layers of back muscles

Answer 14

superficial layer - move upper extremity
intermediate layer - respiratory muscles
deep layer - move trunk and back

Question 15

trapezius muscle action and nerve

Answer 15

action - elevates and depresses shoulder, retracts scapula
nerve - spinal part of accessory nerve

Question 16

latissimus dorsi action and nerve

Answer 16

action - adducts, extends and medially rotates arm (humerus)
nerve - thoracodorsal nerve

Question 17

levator scapulae action and nerve

Answer 17

action - elevates the scapular
nerve - dorsal scapular nerve

Question 18

rhomboid minor action and nerve

Answer 18

action - retract the scapula
nerve - dorsal scapular nerve

Question 19

rhomboid major action and nerve

Answer 19

action - retract the scapula
nerve - dorsal scapular nerve

Question 20

triangle of auscultation

Answer 20

triangular area medial to scapula (best place to hear breath sounds)
Overlies 6th intercostal space

Question 21

levatores coastarum action and nerve

Answer 21

action - elevates ribs in inspiration
nerve - dorsal rami of thoracic nerves

Question 22

serratus posterior superior action and nerve

Answer 22

action - elevated ribs in inspiration
nerve - intercostal nerve (2nd to 5th)

Question 23

serratus posterior inferior action and nerve

Answer 23

action - depresses ribs in expiration
nerve - intercostal nerves (9th. to 12th)

Question 24

erector spinae

Answer 24

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

Question 25

spinotransverse muscles

Answer 25

rotatores, multifidus, semispinalis

Question 26

splenius action and nerve

Answer 26

action - extends neck and head (unilateral direction) nerve - dorsal rami of cervical nerve

Question 27

erector spinae action and nerve

Answer 27

action - extend trunk and vertebral column nerve - dorsal rami of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

Question 28

spinotransverse action and nerve

Answer 28

action - extend trunk in bilateral action and rotate vertebral column in unilateral action nerve - dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Question 29

Nucleus pulposus

Answer 29

Inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity & compressibility

Question 30

Annulus fibrosus

Answer 30

Outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage