Gross Anatomy of the Brain

Question 1

what % of total resting oxygen is used by the brain?

Answer 1

20%

Question 2

what are the parts of the forebrain?

Answer 2

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Question 3

What are the parts of the midbrain?

Answer 3

mesencephalon

Question 4

what are the parts of the hindbrain?

Answer 4

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 5

What are the parts of the telencephalon?

Answer 5

cerebral hemispheres, hippocampus, basal ganglia and amygdala

Question 6

what are the parts of the diencephalon?

Answer 6

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Question 7

what are the parts of the mesencephalon?

Answer 7

tectum and tegmentum

Question 8

what are the parts of the metencephalon?

Answer 8

pons and cerebellum

Question 9

what are the parts of the myelencephalon

Answer 9

medulla

Question 10

what is the telencephalon responsible for?

Answer 10

Higher brain functions- learning, memory and emotions

Question 11

What are the major cortical segments of the telencephalon

Answer 11

Frontal, temporal, parietal, limbic and occipital lobe as well as corpus callosum

Question 12

what structures can be found in frontal lobe?

Answer 12

• central sulcus
• precentral gyrus
• superior,middle and inferior frontal gyri
• Broca’s speech area

Question 13

What structures can be found in the temporal lobe?

Answer 13

• Lateral (sylvian) fissure
• superior temporal sulcus
• superior temporal gyrus
• middle and inferior temporal gyri

Question 14

What structures can be found in the Parietal lobe?

Answer 14

Wernike’s speech area

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 15

what structures are in the occipital lobe?

Answer 15

• calcarine sulcus, cuneate and lingual gyri

- primary visual cortex

Question 16

what stuctures are found in the limbic lobe?

Answer 16

cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
uncus

Question 17

The CNS is ______ symmetrical, but the cortex displays ________ asymmetry; lateralization of brain function

Answer 17

bilaterally; functional

Question 18

what are the functions of the left brain?

Answer 18

Language
Numerical Skills
Reasoning abilities
Considered more analytical than the right side

Question 19

What are the functions of the right brain?

Answer 19

Processes new unfamiliar faces
Decodes and processes patterns, music, spatial relations
Takes in the “whole”
Considered more creative than the left side

Question 20

Motor Aphasia

Answer 20

Broca lesion – mechanical part of articulation is impaired

Question 21

Sensory Aphasia

Answer 21

Wernicke lesion-Processing of language is impaired

Question 22

What are the largest parts of the homunculus?

Answer 22

Face, lips, tongue and hands

-smaller receptive fields with lots of neural input

Question 23

Is Area 4 motor or sensory?

Answer 23

motor

Question 24

is layer 4 motor or sensory?

Answer 24

sensory; larger in somatosensory area

Question 25

is layer 5 motor or sensory?

Answer 25

motor; will be larger in motor areas

Question 26

what is area (321)? is it sensory or motor?

Answer 26

post-central gyrus; sensory

Question 27

where must everything stop before it goes to the cortex?

Answer 27

thalamus!

Question 28

what area is Borman's 17?

Answer 28

occipital lobe: visual projection cortex

Question 29

What area is Broman's 4

Answer 29

pre-central gyrus: primary motor cortex

Question 30

What area is Broman's 123

Answer 30

post-central gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex

Question 31

what are is Broman's 41 & 42

Answer 31

MIddle 1/3 of superior temporal cortex: auditory projection cortex

Question 32

What area is Broman's 44,45, 46

Answer 32

Broca's area (44): motor association cortex; specific to speech

Question 33

what makes up the limbic lobe?

Answer 33

the cingulate gyrus

Question 34

what is the Corpus Callosum?

Answer 34

connects commisural fibers (layer 3) between hemispheres

Question 35

what is the function of the limbic system?

Answer 35

major role in modulating functions normally associated with the hypothalamus; emotions; visceral (hormone dependent) - closed circuit of connections starting and ending in the hippocampus

Question 36

describe the flow of information through the limbic system

Answer 36

- entorhinal area sends info to hippocampus - hippocampus sends out information via the fornix - fornix synapes on mamillary bodies of hypothalamus - Hypothalamus sends info to the thalamic nucleus

Question 37

what input does not go to the thalamus?

Answer 37

olfactory input; connected to the cingula te gyrus via posterior orbitofrontal cortex

Question 38

What marks the beginning of the hippocampus

Answer 38

the uncus

Question 39

what is the output axon of the hippocampus?

Answer 39

the fornix

Question 40

what are the cortical structures of the Diencephalon?

Answer 40

- Thalamus - hypothalamus, including mamillary bodies - cranial nerve II: Optic nerve, chiasim and tract - 3rd ventricle

Question 41

what is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 41

relay station to/from the cerebral cortex

Question 42

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 42

autonomic and neuroendocrine functions | -hunger, thirst, sex drive

Question 43

what is the function of 3rd Ventricle?

Answer 43

helps maintain environment of diencephalon

Question 44

where are the 2 hemispheres first joined

Answer 44

diencephalon

Question 45

what makes up the walls of the 3rd ventricle?

Answer 45

left and right thalamus

Question 46

what is the purpose of the pons?

Answer 46

- relay station to the cerebellum - houses CN V, VI and VII - respiratory control centers - long motor and sensory tracts

Question 47

what goes to the MGN?

Answer 47

auditory information

Question 48

what goes to the LGN?

Answer 48

visual information

Question 49

what does the pineal gland regulate?

Answer 49

sleep

Question 50

what are the structures of the mesencephalon?

Answer 50

- tectum (superior and inferior colliculus) - tegmentum - cerebral penducles - cranial nerves III and IV - cerebral aqueduct ( aqueduct of sylvius)

Question 51

what is the infundibulum?

Answer 51

connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

Question 52

what is the cerebral aqueduct?

Answer 52

connects 3rd and 4th ventricle together.

Question 53

what is the function of the superior colliculus?

Answer 53

involved in tracking motions of the eye and head movement

Question 54

what is the function of the inferior colliculus?

Answer 54

part of the auditory pathway

Question 55

what are the structures of the metencephalon

Answer 55

pons cerebellum V, VI, VII

Question 56

What is the function of the cerebellum

Answer 56

- integrates sensory perception and motor output - talks to cerebrum - provides info about body's position in time and space - problems will result in disorders of fine movement, equilibrium, posture and motor learning.

Question 57

structures of the myelencephalon ( medulla)

Answer 57

- 4th ventricle - pyramidal tracts (aka pyramids) - inferior olive - cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, and XII

Question 58

what is the medulla structurally made of

Answer 58

ribbed structure made of 4 columns; fascicles of axon bundles relaying sensory information through medulla to brain; cell bodies in DRG

Question 59

what are the names of the 2 central columns on the medulla

Answer 59

Fasciculus Gracilis; information from ower body left and right side T6 and below

Question 60

What are the names of the 2 lateral columns on the medulla

Answer 60

Fasciculus Cuneatus; information from upper body T5 and above

Question 61

Splenium

Answer 61

posterior part of Corpus Callosum where visual fibers travel from side to side

Question 62

Body

Answer 62

middle part of corpus callosum where motor and sensory fibers travel

Question 63

septum pellucidum

Answer 63

is closure that demarks where the lateral ventricles are; prevents mixing of the CSF of the two ventricles

Question 64

Anterior Commisure

Answer 64

connects the left and right temporal lobe.