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Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice > Gross Anatomy of upper limb > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of upper limb Flashcards

(123 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the 4 anatomical planes

A
  1. Sagittal: vertical line through the body dividing it into left and right (arrow through head)
  2. Coronal: vertical line which divides body into anterior and posterior section
  3. Transverse: line which divides body into superior section and inferior section
  4. Oblique: line which passes through the body at an angle, different to the other planes
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2
Q

State the name of the two sides of the hand anatomically

How are fingers numbered?

A

Anterior or palmar surface (palm)
Posterior or dorsal surface (back)
Thumb is one then next is 2,3 etc

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3
Q

State the name of the two sides of the feet and how the numbering of toes works

A 
Dorsal surface (top of foot)
Plantar surface (sole of foot) (plantar - plant on ground)
Big toe is 1 and then next is 2,3,4,5
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4
Q

What does abduction mean

A

Moving away from the midline of the body (aliens taking you AWAY - ABDUCTION)

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5
Q

What does adduction mean

A

Moving towards the midline of the body (ADD - bring things together)

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6
Q

What does flexion mean

A

A movement that decreases the angle between the two body parts

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7
Q

What does extension mean

A

A movement that increases the angle between two body parts

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8
Q

What does medial rotation mean

A

Rotation towards the midline (M for medial - M for midline)

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9
Q

What does lateral rotation mean

A

Rotation away from the midline

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10
Q

What is the difference between pronation and supination

A 
Supine = lying on back
Prone = lying on front
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11
Q

What does elevation mean

A

Moving superiorly (elevator goes up)

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12
Q

What does depression mean

A

Moving inferiorly (depressed feeling down)

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13
Q

What does protrusion/protraction mean

A

Moving anteriorly

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14
Q

What does retrusion/retraction mean

A

Moving posteriorly

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15
Q

What does dorsiflexion mean

A

Lifting the foot so it’s superior surface approaches the shin

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16
Q

What does plantar flexion mean

A

Depressing the foot and elevating the heel

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17
Q

Describe inversion and eversion

A 
Inversion = stand on outside of feet (foot moves to inside of leg)
Eversion = stand on inside of feet
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18
Q

Describe the three movements of the thumb

A
  • adduction and abduction occur in the sagittal plane
  • flexion and extension occur in coronal plane
  • opposition and reposition involve moving the pad of the thumb to the pad if the little finger
    #see ABCP1 - LECTURE 4 - DIRECTIONAL TERMS - SLIDE 24#
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19
Q

Name and describe the 4 body cavities found in the head region

A
  • oral: contains teeth and tongue
  • nasal: within the nose, contains sinuses
  • orbital: contains eyes (orbital UAV - eyes in the sky)
  • middle ear: contains the middle ear bones
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20
Q

Label the anatomical regions

A

See ABCP1 - ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS AND BODY CAVITIES - SLIDE 30

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21
Q

Describe the divisions of the skeletal system

A

206 bones in the skeleton
2 parts: axial skeleton (80 bones) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
Axial skeleton forms upright axis of the body and provides protection for the brain, spinal cord and vital organs within the thorax
The appendicular skeleton consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic), which are attached to the body

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22
Q

Label the anterior axial skeleton

A

See lecture 5 articulations and movement

Slide 5

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23
Q

Label the posterior axial skeleton

A

See lecture 5 articulations and movement

Slide 6

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24
Q

Label the upper half of the appendicular skeleton

A

See lecture 5 articulations and movement

Slide 7

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25
Label the lower half of the appendicular skeleton
See lecture 5 articulations and movement | Slide 8
26
Describe the three types of joints
- fibrous joints: bones held together by connective tissue - cartilaginous joints: bones held together by cartilage - synovial joints: have synovial cavity and articular capsule and often ligaments
27
Give 2 examples of fibrous joints
``` Coronal suture (suture between skull bones) Interosseous membrane and the anterior tibiofibular ligament (syndesmoses between tibia and fibula) ```
28
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints | Give 3 examples of where they can be found
``` Hyaline cartilage Fibrous cartilage (symphysis) ``` Rib cage Coxae Vertebrae
29
Draw and label a diagram of a synovial joint
See lecture 5 articulations and movement | Slide 18
30
Label the synovial joint of the knee
See lecture 5 articulations and movement | Slide 19 and 20
31
What kind of joint is present between the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone
Ball-and-socket
32
What kind of joint is present between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna
Pivot
33
What joints are involved in the flexion, extension and hyperextension of the head
Atlanto-occipital and cervical intervertebral joints
34
What does circumduction mean
Movement of distal end in a circle
35
What does rotation mean
Bone revolves around it’s own longitudinal axis
36
What joint is involved in rotation of the head
Atlanto-axial joint
37
Define a supination movement
Movement of forearm so palms face forward or upward
38
Define a pronation movement
Movement of the forearm so palms face backward or downward
39
What joint is involved with the pronation and supination of the hand
Radioulnar joint
40
What makes up the axillary walls
Lateral wall: - coracobrachialis muscle - biceps brachii muscle Posterior wall: - subscapularis muscle - latissimus dorsi muscle Medial wall: - serratus anterior muscle - Ribcage Anterior wall: - pectoralis major muscle
41
What are the three boundaries of the triangular space
Inferior: the superior border of the Teres major Lateral: the long head of the triceps Superior: Teres minor or subscapularis
42
What are the contents of the triangular space
Scapular circumflex vessels
43
What are the two borders of the triangular interval
Superior: Teres major Medial: long head of triceps brachii
44
What are the contents of the triangular interval
The radial nerve | Profounda brachii artery
45
What are the four boundaries of the quadrangular space
Superior: Teres minor Inferior: Teres major Medially: long head of triceps brachii Laterally: surgical neck of the humerus
46
What are the contents of the quadrangular space
Axillary nerve | Posterior numeral circumflex vessels
47
What are the contents of the axilla
``` Axillary artery and its branches Axillary vein and its tributaries Lymph vessels and lymph nodes Brachial plexus (cords and branches) Proximal biceps brachii heads and coracobrachialis m. ```
48
What are the 6 branches of the axillary artery
``` She tastes like sweet apple pie Superior thoracic artery Thoraco-acromial artery Lateral thoracic artery Subscapular artery Anterior circumflex humeral artery Posterior circumflex humeral artery ```
49
What are the functions of the nerves entering the upper limb
Sensory innervation to skin and deep structures Motor innervation to the muscles Influence over the diameters of the blood vessels by the sympathetic vasomotor nerves Sympathetic secretomotor supply to the sweat glands
50
Draw and label the roots trunks divisions cords and branches of the brachial plexus
See slide 23 | Lecture 10 - neurovascular anatomy 1
51
What is the function of the deltoid muscle
Abduction of the arm beyond the initial 10 degrees accomplished by supraspinatus
52
What forms the M shape of nerves found in the third part of the axillary artery
``` Musculocutaneous nerve Lateral root of the median nerve Median nerve Medial root of the median nerve Ulnar nerve ```
53
Between which muscles do the roots of the brachial plexus pass through
Anterior and middle scalene muscles
54
What is the origin of the dorsal scapular nerve and what does it innervate
Origin - C5 root of the brachial plexus | Innervation - rhomboid major and minor muscles
55
What is the origin of the long thoracic nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: anterior rami of C5, 6 and 7 Innervates: serratus anterior
56
What is the origin of the suprascapular nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: Superior trunk - receiving fibres from C5 and C6 Innervates: supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
57
What is the origin of the subclavian nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: superior trunk - C5 and C6 Innervates: subclavious muscle
58
What is the origin of the lateral pectoral nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: side branch of lateral cord - C5, 6 and 7 innervates: pectoralis major - some may also pass to pectoralis minor
59
What is the origin of the musculocutaneous nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: terminal branch of lateral cord - C5,6,7 Innervates: muscles of anterior compartment of arm (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis) *terminates as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
60
What is the origin of the median nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: - Lateral root: terminal branch of lateral cord - Medial root: terminal branch of medial cord Innervates: - Muscles of anterior forearm compartment (except for flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus) - Five intrinsic muscles in the thenar half of palm and palmar skin
61
What is the origin of the medial pectoral nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: side branch of the medial cord (C8 and T1) Innervates: pectoralis minor and major
62
What is the origin of the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm and what does it innervate
Origin: side branch of medial cord (C8 and T1) Innervates: skin of medial side of arm
63
What is the origin of the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm and what does it innervate
Origin: side branch of medial cord (C8 and T1) Innervates: skin of medial side of forearm down to wrist
64
What is the origin of the ulnar nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: larger terminal branch of medial cord (C8 and T1) Innervates: - flexor carpi ulnaris - ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus - most intrinsic muscles of hand - skin of hand to medial axial line of digit 4
65
Upper subscapular nerve origin and innervation
Origin: side branch of posterior cord (C5) Innervates: superior portion of subscapularis
66
Lower subscapular nerve origin and innervation
Origin: side branch of posterior cord (C6) Innervates: - inferior portion os subscapularis muscle - Teres major
67
Thoracodorsal nerve origin and innervation
Origin: side branch of posterior cord (C6,7,8) Innervates: latissimus dorsi
68
Axillary nerve origin and innervation
Origin: terminal branch of posterior cord (C5,6) Innervates: - deltoid - Teres minor
69
Radial nerve origin and innervation
Origin: larger terminal branch of posterior cord (C5,6,7,8 and T1) Innervates: - all muscles of posterior compartments of arm and forearm
70
Trapezius: | Origin, insertion, innervation and action
Origin: Vertebral column Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle; acromion and spine of scapula Innervation: Accessory nerve Action: - descending (superior) part elevates scapula - middle fibres retract the scapula - ascending (inferior) fibres depress the scapula and lower the shoulder
71
Latissimus dorsi: | Origin, insertion, innervation and action
Origin: lower portion of the back insertion: floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus innervation: thoracodorsal nerve action: extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus
72
Levator scapulae: | Origin, insertion, innervation and action
Origin: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae insertion: medial border of scapula superior to root of scapular spine innervation: dorsal scapular and cervical nerves action: - elevates scapula - rotates its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
73
Rhomboid major and minor | Origin, insertion, innervation and action
Origin: spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae insertion: - minor: smooth triangular area at medial end of scapular spine - major: medial scapular border inferior to rhomboid minor innervation: dorsal scapular nerve action: - retract scapula - rotate its glenoid cavity inferiorly - fix scapula to thoracic wall
74
What are the four rotator cuff muscles
Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor
75
What is the role of the rotator cuff muscles
Stabilise shoulder joint Assists in holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapula during movements of the shoulder joint All except supraspinatus are are rotators of the humerus - it initiates and assists the deltoid in the first 15 degrees of abduction of the arm
76
What are the 3 branches of the axillary nerve
- Articular branch to the shoulder joint - anterior terminal branch: winds around the surgical neck of the humerus beneath the deltoid muscle - supplies the deltoid and the skin covering its lower part - posterior terminal branch: branch to Teres minor muscle and a few branches to the deltoid, then emerges from the posterior border of the deltoid as the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
77
Supraspinatus: | Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: above scapular spine (supraspinous fossa) insertion: superior facet of the greater tubercle of humerus innervation: suprascapular nerve function: stabilise shoulder joint and abducts shoulder
78
Infraspinatus | Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: below scapular spine (infraspinous fossa) insertion: middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus innervation: suprascapular nerve function: stabilise shoulder joint and lateral rotation
79
Teres minor: | Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: lateral border of scapula insertion: inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus innervation: axillary nerve function: stabilise shoulder joint and lateral rotation
80
Subscapularis: | Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: subscapular fosssa insertion: inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus innervation: upper and lower scapular nerves function: rotates medially and stabilises shoulder
81
what are the three muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm and which nerve innervates them
Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis musculocutaneous nerve
82
what are the two joints in the elbow complex
elbow joint | radioulnar joint
83
which tendons attach to the medial and lateral epicondyle
lateral: common extensor tendon medial: common flexor tendon
84
what type of joint is the elbow joint
synovial hinge
85
What are the two articulations of the elbow joint
- trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus - head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus
86
What is the articulation, ligament and movement of the proximal radioulnar joint Also what type of joint is it
Articulation: head of radius and radial notch of ulnar Ligament: annular ligament Movement: supination and pronation Synovial pivot joint
87
What is the articulation, ligament and movement of the distal radioulnar joint
Articulation: head of ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius Ligament: anterior and posterior radio-ulnar ligaments Movement: pronation and supination of the hand
88
Which muscles cause pronation and supination of the hand
Pronation: pronation Teres and pronation quadratus Supination: supinator and biceps brachii
89
What are the contents of the cubical fossa
``` Terminal part of the brachial artery Accompanying veins of the arteries Biceps brachii tendon Median nerve Radial nerve ``` Really need beer to be at my nicest Radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve My brother throws rad parties Median nerve, brachial artery, tendon of biceps, radial nerve
90
Name the four superficial muscles of the forearm
Pronation Teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris
91
Name the muscle of the intermediate later of the forearm
Flexor digitorum superficialis
92
Name the three deep muscles of the forearm
Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus
93
Name the 6 superficial muscles of the posterior aspect of the forearm
``` Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris ```
94
Name the 5 deep muscles of the posterior aspect of the forearm
``` Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor indicis ```
95
Biceps brachii | Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: - short head: coracoid process of scapula - long head:supraglenoid tubercle of scapula insertion: radial tubrosity and fascia of forearm innervation: musculocutaneous nerve Function: - supinates forearm - flexes arm and elbow and shoulder
96
Coracobrachialis | Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: coracoid process of the scapula insertion: medial surface of the humerus innervation: musculocutaneous nerve function: - flexion of arm at the shoulder - weak adduction
97
Brachialis: | Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: distal half of anterior surface of humerus insertion: coronoid process and ulna tuberosity innervation: musculocutaneous nerve and radial nerve function: flexion at the elbow
98
What type of joint is the shoulder joint
Synovial | Ball and socket
99
What is the function of the glenohumeral ligaments
Strengthen the front of the capsule in the shoulder joint
100
What is the function of rather transverse humeral ligaments
Strengthens the capsule and bridges gap between the two humeral tuberosities
101
What is the function of the coracohumeral ligament
Strengthens the capsule from above
102
What is the function of the accessory ligaments (the coracoacromial ligament) in the shoulder joint
Protect the superior aspect of the joint
103
Name the boned of the hand
``` Some lovers try positions that they cant handle Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate ```
104
What are the boundaries of the cubical fossa
Superior - an imaginary horizontal line connecting the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus Medial - lateral border of pronator Teres muscle Lateral - medial border of brachoradialis muscle Superficial (roof) - skin, superficial fascia containing median cubical vein, lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm and the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm, deep fascia reinforced by the bicipital aproneurosis Deep (floor) - brachialis and supinator muscles
105
Why would there be particular concern if one were to break their scaphoid
Poor blood supply so recovers poorly
106
Where is the radiocarpal joint located
Distal end of radius and scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum
107
Where is the midcarpal joint located
Between the two rows of carpal bones
108
Where is the carpometacarpal joint located
Between the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal end of the metacarpal bones
109
What is contained within the carpal tunnel
Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons Flexor digitorum profundus tendons Median nerve Flexor policis longus tendon
110
Name the ligament that surrounds the head of the radius
Annular ligament
111
Which nerve is affected in carpal tunnel syndrome
Median nerve
112
Name the three thenar muscles
Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis
113
Name the three hypothenar muscles
Abductor digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis
114
Name the muscles in the adductor pollicis part of the hand
Adductor pollicis Lumbricals Volar (palmar) interossei Dorsa interossei
115
What muscles does the radial nerve innervate
BEST Brachioradialis Extensors Supinator Triceps
116
What is the relation of arteries and nerves in the wrist (from lateral to medial side)
NANAN ``` Superficial radial nerve Radial artery Median nerve Ulnar artery Ulnar nerve ```
117
Which nerve innervates all muscles except FCU in the superficial compartment of the forearm
Median nerve
118
To which bones does the flexor retinaculum attach
It is attached laterally to the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium And is attached medially to the triquetrum, pisiform and hook of hamate
119
What is the action of the anconeus muscle
Assist the triceps in extension of the forearm
120
Which 3 superficial extensor muscles are not innervated by a deep branch of the radial nerve
ABE Anconeus Brachioradialis Extensor carpi ulnaris longus Instead innervated by radial nerve itself
121
What is the action of the brachioradialis
Flexes elbow | Rotates forearm top mid probe position
122
What is the function of the extensor carpi radialis longus
Extends and abducts hand at wrist joint
123
What makes up the dorsal hood (dorsal extensor expansion)
``` Extensor digitorum Extensor indicis Extensor digiti minimi Palmar and dorsal interossei Lumbrical muscles ```

Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice (4 decks)

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