Gross Exam 3 Flashcards
(276 cards)
1
Q
what movements @ vertebral column
A
flexion, extension, lateral bending/flexion, rotation
2
Q
what are the primary curvatures
A
thoracic and sacral
3
Q
what are the secondary curvatures
A
cervical and lumbar
4
Q
extrinsic ms in vertebral column are what rami
A
ventral rami
5
Q
extrinsic ms in vertebral column (3) superficial layer and intermediate layer
A
superficial: trapezius and latissimus dorsi
intermediate: serratus posterior
6
Q
function of extrinsic ms in vertebral column
A
mostly extension if bilateral
lateral flexion/rotation if unilateral
7
Q
intrinsic ms in vertebral column- what rami
A
dorsal rami
8
Q
what does the anterior longitudinal ligament do on the spinal cord
A
limits extension
9
Q
what does the posterior longitudinal ligament do (spinal cord)
A
prevents hyperflexion
10
Q
what is the nucleus pulposus
A
gel like structure at center. strong and flexible. 80% water/ little collagen
11
Q
what is the annulus fibrosus
A
ring shaped disc of fibrous CT that surrounds NP
Outer ring. Tough!
12
Q
what is a herniated disc
A
NP is displaced from intervertebral space
13
Q
intercostal space ms (3)
A
external intercostal ms
internal intercostal ms
transverse thoracis ms
14
Q
intercostal layers (3)
A
external intercostal muscle (and membrane)
internal intercostal nerve
innermost intercostal muscle (NO membrane)
15
Q
where does the VAN bundle lie
A
on the innermost intercostal ms. when we cant see the VAN anymore –> innermost intercostal ms
16
Q
what is in the 3rd layer of the thorax
A
transversus thoracis ms
internal thoracic a
subcostal ms
17
Q
what does the internal thoracic a turn into
A
straight down : superior epigastric a
branched : musculophrenic a
18
Q
what drains each space (intercostal)
A
intercostal veins
19
Q
what arteries lie in each each space (intercostal)
A
ant. intercostal a
post. intercostal a
ant and post anatamosis
20
Q
ant. intercostal a.
upper spaces vs lower spaces
A
upper spaces off internal thoracic a (branch of subclavian)
lower spaces off musculophrenic a
21
Q
post. intercostal a comes off what
upper 2 ICS from what?
A
descending aorta (super high pressure!)
upper 2 ICS from supreme intercostal a from costococervical trunk off subclavian a. rest come off descending aorta
22
Q
nerves in ICS
A
ventral rami T1-T12 = intercostal N
T12 = subcostal N
each space gets own nerve!
23
Q
thoracic cavity compartments (2)
A
- pulmonary cavities: 2 individual compartments containing lungs and pleurae
- mediastinum: 1 central compartment containing all other thoracic structures
24
Q
what is the pulmonary cavities
A
2 individual compartments containing lungs and pleurae
25
what is the mediastinum
1 central compartment containing all other thoracic structures. separates pulmonary cavities from each other
26
what is pleura
serous membrane that produces fluid
27
parietal pleura
lines inner surface of each pulmonary cavity
28
visceral pleura
completely invests lungs (makes them shiny) directly ON lung
29
pleural cavity
space b/w pleura layers
pleurae are continous with each other
30
whats the purpose of serous fluid
lubricates pleural linings and provides surface tension
31
what are the 4 subdivisions of the parietal pleura
1. cervical
2. costal
3. diaphragmatic
4. mediastinal
32
where is the cervical parietal pleura
root of lung
33
where is the costal parietal pleura
lines internal surface of ribs and intercostal spaces
34
where is the diaphragmatic parietal pleura
covers sup. surface if the diaphragm on either side of the mediastinum
35
where is the mediastinal parietal pleura
covers both sides of mediastinum
reflects laterally at root of the lung and becomes continuous with visceral pleura
pulmonary ligament: double layer of mediastinal pleura that extends inferiorly from root of lung
36
parietal pleura innervation
costal and peripheral diaphragmatic pleurae: intercostal N
mediastinal and central diaphragmatic pleurae: phrenic N
37
visceral pleura innervation
visceral afferent (run w/ sympathetics)
38
where is the costodiaphragmatic recess
in potential space inferior in each pleural cavity --> accommodates lung during DEEP inspiration
this is where lung COULD go during super deep inspiration
clinically: low point where fluid/blood would accumulate
39
where is the costalmediastinal recesses
found ant. in each pleural cavity --> larger on L due to heart and cardiac notch
formed by costal and mediastinal parietal pleurae
40
what is pneumothorax
open vs closed
air into pleural cavity
open: penetrating injury to the parietal pleura (stab)
closed: air leakage from damage to respiratory system itself
41
what is hemothorax
accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
42
what is hydrothroax
accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity (from serous membrane)
43
location and function of hilum
L: depression on medial surface of lung
F: entrance and exit for root structures
44
location and function of root
L: w/i hilum
F: contains bronchi, pulmonary a and v, bronchial a and v, ant and post. pulmonary plexuses, lymphatics. Pulmonary ligament extends inferiorly from root
45
lung anatomy:
apex:
extends above 1st rib
adjacent to trachea and esophagus, L common carotid and L subclavian a
46
lung anatomy:
base
sits on diaphragm
47
lung anatomy:
costal surface
large surface
adjacent ro costal pleura
48
lung anatomy:
mediastinal surface
concave medial surface
where pulm. root and ligament are located
49
lung anatomy:
diaphragmatic surface
deeper on R to accommodate liver
50
RIGHT LUNG:
lobes and fissues
Lobes: 3. superior, middle and inferior
Fissues: 2. oblique and horizontal
51
RIGHT LUNG:
impressions
SVC and arch of azygos v.
52
which lung is larger
right but shorter and wider. liver is pushing it up
53
where is pulm a on right lung
anterior to bronchus (carries low O2)
54
where is pulm v. on R lung
most ant. and inferiorly located structures
55
where is bronchus on R lung
primary/lobar post. in location
56
LEFT LUNG:
lobes and fissues
Lobes: 2. sup and inferior
fissues: 1. oblique
57
LEFT LUNG:
impressions
cardiac arch and thoracic aorta
58
where is the cardiac notch
in ant. margin of superior lobe
59
where is the lingula on L lung
on sup lobe below cardiac notch
60
where is pulm a on L lung
sup. to bronchus in hilum
61
where is pulm v. on L lung
most ant. in location
62
LEFT LUNG: where is bronchus
primary/lobar most post in locaton
63
what does RALS stand for
R pulmonary a is Anterior to bronchus
L pulmonary a is Superior to bronchus
64
where does the tracheobronchial tree begin
inferior boarder of cricoid cartilage
65
tracheobronchial tree:
cartilage rings
16-20 c shaped rings
Just on trachea!
incomplete post.
66
tracheobronchial tree location
pass from trachea to root of lung
67
tracheobronchial tree:
what is the carina
internal ridge demarcating tracheal bifurcation --> R/L primary bronchus.
at level of sternal angle and sensitive to cough (good!)
68
R primary main bronchus features
wider/shorter.more vertical
direct continuation of trachea
69
R primary main bronchus lobar branches:
3 secondary bronchi at root
70
R primary main bronchus segmental branches
tertiary bronchi to bronchopulmonary segments
71
where do aspirated bodies most likely end up
R primary main bronchus
72
L primary main bronchus features
narrower/longer/more horizontal
73
L primary main bronchus lobar branches
2 secondary
74
L primary main bronchus segmental branches
tertiary bronchi to brochopulmonary segments
75
brochopulmonary segments features
largest subdivision of a lobe (8-10 per lung)
76
brochopulmonary segments shape
pyramidal in shape
77
brochopulmonary segments contents
tertiary bronchus
tertiary pulmonary a
autonomic n
78
pulmonary circulation:
pulm a. L:
starts @ pulmonary trunk. carries low O2 blood to lungs
79
pulmonary circulation:
pulm v L on heart
starts at 2 from each lung
R and L : sup/inferior on heart
L: carries high O2 blood to L atrium
80
pulmonary circulation:
bronchial a L:
starts at thoracic aorta
supply lung substance itself!
81
pericaridum
surrounds heart and proximal parts of great vessels
82
pericardium F
protects and stabilizes heart and secretes serous fluid to create friction-free movement of the heart
83
types of pericardium
parietal -> fibrous and serous
visceral
84
pareital fibrous pericaridum
outermost layer -> tough!
continuous with central tendon of diaphragm and tunica adventitia of IVC
continuous sup. w/ tunica adventitia of great vessels -> ascending aorta, pulm. trunk, SVC, pulm v.
85
serous parietal pericardium
L and F
L: mesothelial lining on inner surface of fibrous parietal layer
F: secretes serous fluid
86
visceral pericardium
directly on heart -> fatty layer
serous in nature
continuous w/ serous layer of parietal pericardium @ root of great vessels
87
pericardial cavity L and F
L: potential space b/w parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium.
F: facilitates frictionless movement of heart (contains serous fluid)
88
pericardial sinuses L
inside pericardial cavity
89
L of oblique pericardial sinus
recess on post. surface of heart, inferior to pulm v
90
L of transverse pericardial sinus
passage post. to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, ant. to SVC
used to access great vessels for heart bypass
91
pericardial neurovascular structures L
plane b/w fibrous pericardium and mediastinal pleura
92
pericardial neurovascular structures relationship to root of lung:
pass ant. to root of lung
93
pericardial neurovascular structures a and n
a: pericardiacophrenic a: internal thoracic a runs w/ phrenic n
n: phrenic n -> origin = VPR C3-C5. innervates thoracic diaphragm
94
SVC L
sits to the R of the aorta. in vertical line with IVC as they enter R atrium.
furthest R and post
95
SVC is union of what
R and L brachiocephalic veins
96
SVC drains
ALL structures sup. to thoracic diaphragm EXCEPT heart and lungs
97
SVC empties into
R atrium
98
IVC L
sits to the R of the aorta. hard to see
99
IVC is the union of what
R and L common iliac Veins
100
IVC drains
lower limbs, abs, abdominal viscera
101
IVC empties into
R atrium
102
origin of ascending aorta
L ventricle - extends to beginning of aortic arch
103
branches of ascending aorta
R/L coronary a
104
pulmonary trunk origin
R ventricle
105
pulmonary trunk L
ant and to the L of the ascending aorta
106
pulmonary trunk branches
R/L pulmonary a
107
pulmonary trunk ligament
ligamentum arteriosum
108
ligamentum arteriosum is
circulatory modifcation b/w pulm. trunk and aorta.
landmark: L recurrent laryngeal n. loops around aortic arch
109
pulmonary veins origin and termination
origin: lungs
terminates: drain into L atrium
4 of them!
110
what does the cardiac skeleton do
keeps valves open and from being overly distended
111
what is the cardiac skeleton
4 fibrous connect tissue rings. surrounds 4 heart valves
separates atrial and ventricular ms
112
what is the attachment point for cusps
cardiac skeleton
113
what allows the valves to contract independently and forms an electrical insulator
cardiac skeleton
114
what forms the sternocostal surface of the heart
R ventricle. has oracles
115
what forms the diaphragmatic surface of the heart
formed by L ventricle. small part by R ventricle
116
what forms the R pulm. surface of the heart
R atrium
117
what forms the L pulm. surface of the heart
L ventricle. creates cardiac impression of L lung -cardiac notch
118
where is the base of the heart
primarily formed by L atrium. where SVC and IVC and pulm v enter heart
119
where is the apex of heart
L ventricle. 9-10 cm L of midline @ 5th intercostal space
120
ant. interventricular groove on heart L and contains
L: b/w R and L ventricles on sternocostal surface
contains: ant. interventricular a and great cardiac v
121
atrioventricular groove L and contents
L: junction b/w atria and ventricles
contents: R and L coronary a and coronary sinus
122
post. interventricular groove L and contents
L: furrow b/w R and L ventricles on diaphragmatic surface
contents: post. interventricular a and middle cardiac v
123
where do you find trabeculae carneae
lining R and L ventricle
124
where do you find conus arteriosus
funnel-shaped smooth area leading to pulm trunk in right ventricle
125
where do you find septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)
r ventricle. interventricular septum to ant. papillary ms. contains R bundle branch. gets papillary ms contracting before ventricular contraction
126
what are the names of the 3 cusps on the puml semilunar valve
lunule, nodule, sinus
127
where can you find the fossa ovalis (adult)
R atrium
128
what is the interventricular septum
strong oblique partition b/w ventricles
129
what is the interventricular septum muscular part
forms majority of the septum. has same thickness as L ventricle
130
what is the interventricular septum membranous part
thin. sits superiorly and post. to muscular part. common site of ventricular septal defects
131
what kind of control are the coronary a under
autonomic control. no anatamosis!
132
when do coronary a fill?
during diastole
133
what does the R coronary a supply
R atrium and vent. post. L ventricle, part of the IV septum, SA and AV nodes
134
where is the R coronary a
post. to pulm. trunk in atrioventricular groove
135
branches of R coronary a
SA nodal a, R marginal a, post interventrivular a
136
what does the L coronary a supply
LA and most of LV, interventricuvlar septum and AV bundle
137
is the L coronary a long or short
Long!
138
location of L coronary a
lies b/w L auricle and pulm. trunk
139
branches of L coronary a
circumflex a: L marginal a
ant. interventricular a : L ant. desecnding (widowmaker)
post. interventricular a
140
what is known as the widowmaker
L ant. descending artery = anterior Interventricular artery
141
what does the conorary sinus get
gets majority of venous drainage from heart. in atrioventricular groove. drains into RA
142
ant. cardiac v drains into
RA. crosses over R coronary a
143
great cardiac V runs with
ant. interventricular a
144
middle cardiac v runs with
post. interventricular a
145
small cardiac v runs with
R marginal a
146
in a fetus, where is the site of O2 and nutrient exchange
placenta
147
what does the umbilival v carry
O2 RICH blood to IVC via ductus venosus -> bypasses liver. IVC takes O2 rich blood to RA
148
what is the foramen ovale
opening b/w RA and LA. blood shunted from Ra to La. blood then goes to LV
FETUS
149
what is the ductus arterisus
connects pulm trunk to arch of aorta and bypasses lungs
FETUS
150
which side of heart is systemic
Left. O2 RICH
151
which side of heart is pulmonary
R. O2 POOR
152
where to auscultate the tricuspid valve
5th intercostal space just left of stenum
153
where to auscultate the bicuspid vavle
5th intercostal space 9-10cm left of midline
154
where to auscultate the pulmonary semilunar valve
in 2nd intercostal space adjacent to L sternum
155
where to auscultate the aortic semilunar valve
in 2nd intercostal space to R of sternum
156
what is valvular stenosis
failure of valve to open fully. heart murmur
157
what is valvular insufficiency
regurgitation. valves cant fully close
158
where is the SA node located
junction of SVC and sulcus terminalis
159
where is the AV node located
on interatrial wall near coronary sinus opening
160
where is AV bundle
passes through cardiac skeleton
electrical link b/w contraction in A and V
161
where are the L and R bundle branches
in the muscular interventricular septum.
162
what is the cardiac plexus
contains SNS and PSNS and visceral afferent.
regulates rate and strength of contraction
NOT required to initiate beat
163
boarders of mediastinum divisions
superior thoracic aperture and thoracic diaphragm inferiorly
164
divisions of mediastinum
superior: above transverse plane b/w sternal angle and T4 T5 IVD
inferior: below transverse plane b/w sternal angle and T4 T5 IVC (divided into 3 more parts)
165
contents of sup. medistinum
mediastinal lymph nodes, thymus, brachiocephalic v, SVC, arch of aorta, vagus, phrenic, recurrent laryngeal n, trachal, esophagus, thoracic duct
166
thymus L and F
L: immediately post. to manubrium and anterosuperior to pericardium
F: primary lymphoid organ -> site of T-lymphocyte development. undegoes involution (Gets fatter) after puberty
167
what forms the brachiocephalic veins
union of internal jugular and subclavian veins
168
which brachiocephalic vein is longer
the L is 2x as long
169
what the brachiocephalic veins drain and where does it end
drains blood from head neck and VE.
ends to form SVC
170
what is the azygos vein
SVC receives azygos just superior to entry into pericardial sac. arch of azygos passes sup. to root of R lung
171
where is the terminal part of the SVC
middle mediastinum
172
branches of aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk (R common carotid and R subclavian a)
L common carotid a
L subclavian a
continuation to become descending thoracic aorta
173
where does the aortic arch begin and end
starts at sternal angle anteriorly and ends at sternal angle posteriorly
174
where does trachea begin
at inferior boarder of cricoid cartilage
sits ant. to esophagus and to the R of midline
175
trachealis ms
smooth ms that spans the gap post. abuts esophagus
176
is the trachea found in the post. mediastinum?
NO! terminates at sternal angle (T4-T5)
177
esophagus is
fibromuscular tube from pharynx ->stomach
178
where does the esophagus enter
sup. mediastinum b/w trachea and vertebrae
and enters post. mediastinum inferior to aortic arch
thoracic duct lies to the L side in the superior mediastinum
179
R vagus nerve L:
ant. to R subclavian a -> gives rise to R recurrent laryngeal n. passes thru sup. mediastinum to the R of the trachae
180
L vagus nerve L:
b/w L common carotid a and L subclavian a. passes anterolaterally over aortic arch
L recurrent laryngeal n: loops around aortic arch, behind ligamentum artieriosum
181
L vagus n plexus
anterior esophageal plexus
182
R vagus n plexus
post. esophageal plexus
183
origin of phrenic n
VPR (ventral primary ramus) C3-5
"C3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive"
184
phrenic n does what
supplies motor and sensory to thoracic diaphragm
185
anterior division of inferior mediastinum
lower part of thymic remnant. internal thoracic vessels, parasternal lymph nodes. adipose tissue
186
middle division of inferior mediastinum
heart, pericardium, root of great vessels, phrenic n, pericardiacophrenic a/v on fibrous pericardium
187
post division of inferior mediastinum
contains descending thoracic aorta, esophagus and esophagus plexus, thoracic duct, lymph nodes, azygos system of veins, thoracic sympathetic trunk and splanchnic n
188
post division of inferior mediastinum is located where
post to pericardium. b/w pulm cavities
189
location of descending thoracic aorta
descends thru thorax on L side of T5-12. displaces esophagus to R
190
aortic hiatus is a name change from what
descending thoracic aorta
Once you hit diaphragm!
191
esophagus L
b/w trachea and T1-4 vertebrae in sup. mediastinum
post to pericardium adjacent to T5-10 in post mediastinum
192
blood supply to esophagus
esophageal a from descending thoracic aorta
193
esophageal hiatus
T10. opening for esophagus to pass thru to go to stomach
194
esophageal plexus
formed by L and R vagal n
195
what is the ant. vagal trunk
neurons from L vagus n emerging from ant esophgeal plexus. on ant surface of esophagus
“LA”
196
what is the post. vagal trunk
neurons from R vagus n. emerging from post esophageal plexus. on post. surface of esophagus
197
what is the thoracic duct
lymphatic system
small thin walled, oftened beaded due to many valves
drains lymph from entire body excpet under right quadrant and inferior lobe of L lung
198
location of thoracic duct
post : esophagus
ant: to thoracic vertebrae
b/w: thoracic aorta and azygos v
199
what is cisterna chyle
origin of thoracic duct in abdomen @ L1. enters thorax via aortic hiatus
200
what does the thoracic duct drain into
L venous angle -> junction of L subclavian and L internal jugular v
201
do azygos veins have valves?
NO!
202
hat do azygos veins drain
back, thoracoabdominal walls and mediastinal viscera
203
where is the azygos vein
in post. mediastinum on R side
204
where is arch of azygos v
sup. to root of R lung
205
where is the hemi-azygos vein
in post. mediastinum on L side inferiorly
usually crosses over around T9 to drain into azygos v
receives blood from lower left side
206
where is the accessory hemi-azygos v
in post. mediastinum on L side superiorly
usually crosses over around T8 to drain into azygos vein
receives blood from upper L side
provides alternate venous return: connects w/ lumbar v and IVC
207
what is the thoracic sympathetic trunk
series of paravertebral ganglia -> linked by interganglionic rami
208
where are thoracic sympathetic trunk
parallel vertebral column bilaterally. continuous w/ cervical and lumbar symp. trunks
209
thoracic splanchnic n
arises from sympathetic trunk ganglia
preganglionic sump fibers
supply viscera inferior to the thoracic diaphragm
210
thoracic splanchnic n -> preganglionc symp fibers (3)
1. greater thoracic splanchnic n (T5-9)
2. lesser thoracic splanchnic n (T10-11)
3. least thoracic splanchnic n (T12)
211
thoracic diaphragm attachments
xiphoid process, lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages, post. body wall via arcuate ligament
212
Location of L crus bodies
L1-2
213
R crus bodies of
L1-2/3
214
blood supply of thoracic diaphragm
musculophrenic a and superior phrenic a and inferior phrenic a
215
post abdominal wall attachments of thoracic diaphragm
median arcuate ligament
medial arcuate ligament
lateral arcuate ligament
216
apertures in thoracic diaphragm
caval hiatus: most ant. through central tendon. IVC @ T8
esophageal hiatus: created by R crus of diaphragm. esophagus @ T10. vagal trunks as well
aortic hiatus: most post. surrounded by R/L cruca. thoracic aorta @T12. thoracic duct and azygos v
"I 8 10 Eggs At 12"
217
autonomic nervous system is also called
general visceral effect (motor!) (GVE)
218
what does the GVE do
motor innervation of viscera and regulation and maintenance of homeostasis
219
3 groups cell bodies can exist in and their locations
1. nuclei -> CNS
2. ganglia -> PNS
3. intramural ganglia or cluster -> in the walls of viscera
220
where is cell body #1
in CNS. Preganglionic
ALWAYS myelinated
221
where is cell body #2
in PNS ganglia. Post ganglionic
NEVER myelinated.
travels to target
222
is each organ innervated with SNS and PSNS
YES! -> dual innervation
PSNS and SNS are usually antagonistic
223
what is unique about PSNS
can act on each organ separately. Just urinary or just respiratory can act separate
224
what is unique about SNS
discharges as a WHOLE system. gets the whole body going.
225
is the SNS needed to live?
NO! not ideal but can live
226
what does SNS and PSNS do to coronary vessels
PSNS: constricts
SNS: dilates
227
pre-gang PSNS NT and R
NT: ACh
R: nicotinic (cholinergic)
228
pre-gang SNS NT and R
NT: ACh
R: nicotinic (cholinegric)
229
post-gang PSNS NT and R
NT: ACh
R: muscarinic (cholinegric)
230
SOME post-gang SNS NT and R
sweat glands and arrector pili ms
NT: ACh
R: muscarinic (cholinegric)
231
MOST post-gang SNS NT and R
NT: norepi
R: adrenergic
232
what is the main controller of ANS
hypothalamus
233
SNS is found in the
thoracolumbar
234
SNS: where is cell body #1 found?
in the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) of T1-L2
235
what is the IML
Intermediolateral nucleus. group of cell bodies in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
236
paravertebral ganglia are part of what
the sympathetic chain (seen in lab, next to the vertebral column)
237
paravertebral and prevertebral are PSNS or SNS
SNS
238
where do prevertebral ganglia sit
in front of the vertebral bodies
239
what nerve innerates viscera
splanchnic nerves
240
what nerve innervates viscera
splanchnic nerves
241
splanchnic nerves pass through what and synpase where
pass through the PARAvertebral ganglia and synpase in the PREvertebral ganglia
242
what are rami communicantes
connecting branches b/w the spinal nerve and sympathetic chain
243
what are white rami
lateral, pregang -> myelinated
244
what are grey rami
medial, postgang -> unmyelinated
Rejoining the spinal nerve
SNS
245
what are the 3 pathways pregang axons from the IML travel through the white rami into the sympathetic chain and they can:
1. synapse RIGHT AWAY
2. Ascend OR descend to another vertebral level ganglia to synapse
3. Exit without synapsing at all (splanchnic) still pregang and myelinated
246
where do splanchnic nerves leave and synapse
pre-gang fibers leave the sympathetic chain and synapse in the abdominal prevertebral ganglia
247
PSNS Cranial portion:
Edinger-Westphal - where are cell bodies 1 and 2 found
1: cranial nerve III
2: ciliary
248
PSNS Cranial portion:
Superior Salivatory - where are cell bodies 1 and 2 found
1: cranial nerve VII
2: pterygopalatine and submandibular
249
PSNS Cranial portion:
Inferior Salivatory - where are cell bodies 1 and 2 found
1: cranial nerve IX
2: otic
250
PSNS Cranial portion:
Dorsal Nucleus of Vagus - where are cell bodies 1 and 2 found
1: cranial nerve X
2: mostly intramural ganglia (cluster)
251
PSNS Sacral portion:
where are cell bodies 1 and 2 found
1: in IML of S2-S4
2: mostly in intramural ganglia (cluster)
252
what are the 3 plexi in the thorax
cardiac plexus
pulmonary plexus
esophageal plexus
dont care about esophageal and cardiac and pulm are the same just different locations
253
Location of cardiac plexus
superior mediastinum -> 2 regions
1. superficial cardiac plexus : concavity of the aortic arch
2. Deep cardiac plexus : b/w the aortic arch and trachea. Sits in front of bifurcation of trachea
254
location of superficial cardiac plexus
concavity of the aortic arch
255
location of deep cardiac plexus
b/w the aortic arch and trachea
256
cardiac plexus consists of
PREgang PSNS fibers from CN X
POSTgang SNS fibers from cardiac nerves (cardiopulmonary splanchnics)
257
sympathetic contribution to the cardiac plexus:
cell body #1 begins ____
in the IML of T1-T6
axons leave through the ventral root of the same segment, enter the sympathetic chain via white rami to synapse with cell body #2
258
sympathetic contribution to the cardiac plexus:
cell body #2 4 possible locations:
1. superior cervical ganglia
2. middle cervical ganglia
3. inferior cervical ganglia
4. T1-T4 thoracic sympathetic ganglia
259
sympathetic contribution to the cardiac plexus:
the axon of cell body #2 is called a
cardiac nerve -> name based on the ganglia it came from
260
sympathetic contribution to the cardiac plexus:
cell body #2 -> cardiac nerves (4)
1. superior sympathetic cardiac nerve
2. middle sympathetic cardiac nerve
3. inferior sympathetic cardiac nerve
4. T1-T4 cardiac nerves
261
Parasympathetic contribution to the cardiac plexus:
supplied by which 2 nerves
Vagus nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve
(vagus nerve usually means intramural ganglia)
262
Parasympathetic contribution to the cardiac plexus:
where are cell bodies 1 and 2 located
1: dorsal nucleus of vagus (pregang)
2: located in wall of viscera (postgang)
263
is the ANS necessary for life?
NO!
264
heart transplant main idea
easier to run a marathon than a 5k -> can regenerate autonomic fibers and can still respond to humoral factors (catecholamines)
265
what do the SA and AV nodes do?
conduction system of the heart. Intrinsic system controlled by specialize myocardial cells
266
can SNS innervate SA and AV nodes?
Yes
267
Pulmonary Plexus consists of 2 groups:
Anterior pulmonary plexus (ant. root of lung)
Posterior pulmonary plexus (post. root of lung)
268
where is the pulmonary plexus continues with the cardiac plexus?
at the tracheal bifurcation and continues on to communicate with the esophageal plexus on the aorta and the anterior surface of the esophagus. It enters the abdomen through the esophageal hiatus
269
Pulmonary plexus PSNS:
is supplied by what nerve
CN X = VAGUS NERVE (same as cardiac plexus)
270
Pulmonary plexus PSNS:
Preganglionic to ________
Postganglionic to _________
Pre : parasympathetic ganglia
Post : to target organ
271
Pulmonary plexus SNS:
supplied by what nerve
Cardiopulmonary splanchnics (same as cardiac plexus)
272
Pulmonary plexus SNS:
pregang from _____ to _______
postgang out to _______
pregang from spinal cord to sympathetic chain
postgang out to the target organ
273
PSNS effects on
broncho
mucous secretion
vaso
bronchoCONSTRICTION
INCREASED mucous secretion
vasoDILATION
274
SNS effects on
broncho
mucous secretion
vaso
bronchoDILATION
DECREASED mucous secretion
vasoCONSTRICTION
275
4 HEAD AND NECK GANGLIA OF THE PSNS
1. ciliary (III)
2. Pterygopalatine (VII)
3. submandibular (VII)
4. otic (IX)
276
how do splanchnic nerves exit?
WITHOUT synpases
