Gross Exam 4 - Back

Question 1

Primary curvature of back

Answer 1

Concave anteriorly (Thoracic, sacral)

Question 2

Secondary curvature of back

Answer 2

Convex anteriorly (Cervical, lumbar)

Question 3

Extrinsic muscles of the back

Answer 3

Move upper limbs and ribs
Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
Superficial: Relate to limbs
Intermediate: Relate to thoracic wall

Question 4

Intrinsic muscles of the back

Answer 4

Maintain posture and move vertebral column
Innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerve
Deep: Move column and head

Question 5

Roots

Answer 5

Unidirectional flow of info
Dorsal: Sensory
Ventral: Motor
Ventral + Dorsal root = Spinal nerve

Question 6

Rami

Answer 6

Bidirectional flow of info
Dorsal: Intrinsic back muscles and skin of back
Ventral: Everything else
(Spinal nerve splits into dorsal and ventral rami)

Question 7

Cervical spinal nerves emerge ___ named verebra

Answer 7

Above

C8 emerges above T1

Question 8

Borders of vertebral canal

Answer 8

Anterior: Body of vertebra
Sides: Pedicles
Posterior: Laminae
(Pedicles + Laminae = Arch)

Question 9

How many spinal nerves are there?

Answer 9

31 - 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

Question 10

Where does spinal cord end?

Answer 10

L1/2

Question 11

What is the cauda equina?

Answer 11

Elongated ventral and dorsal rami that extend from the end of the spinal cord to lower vertebral levels

Question 12

Atlo-occipital joint

Answer 12

Capital flexion and extension

Question 13

What ligament anchors dens to atlas?

Answer 13

Transverse ligament

Question 14

Atlanto-axial joint

Answer 14

Capital rotation

Question 15

What ligament fixes dens to occiput?

Answer 15

Alar ligament

Question 16

What passes through transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae?

Answer 16

Vertebral artery

Question 17

Spinous processes of each type of vertebra

Answer 17

Cervical: Bifid, short
Thoracic: Long, sloping inferiorly
Lumbar: Short, broad

Question 18

Articular facets of each type of vertebra

Answer 18

Cervical: Nearly horizontal - allow rotation and flexion/ extension
Thoracic: Coronal plane - allow rotation, but little flexion/ extension
Lumbar: Sagittal plane - allow flexion/ extension, but no rotation

Question 19

Intervertebral Joints

Answer 19

Symphyses: Between bodies
- 1 above, 1 below
Synovial: Between articular facets
- 2 above, 2 below

*6 total

Question 20

Outer part of intervertebral disc

Answer 20

Anulus Fibrosus

degeneration of this leads to herniation

Question 21

Inner part of intervertebral disc

Answer 21

Nucleus Pulposus

Question 22

How and where are intervertebral discs likely to bulge?

Answer 22

Posterio-laterally during flexion

Where: C5-6, 6-7; L4-5, L5-S1

Question 23

Uncovertebral Joints

Answer 23

Upper surface of cervical vertebrae may form “uncinate processes”, which articulate with body above it

Question 24

Tectorial membrane

Answer 24

Upper part of posterior longitudinal membrane

Attaches C2 to skull

Question 25

Ligamentum Flavum

Answer 25

Connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae (creates part of posterior wall of vertebral canal) Resists separation of laminae during flexion. Assists in extension

Question 26

Supraspinous Ligaments

Answer 26

Connects the tips of spinous processes from C7- Sacrum

Question 27

Ligamentum Nuchae

Answer 27

Thickening of supraspinous ligament from C7-skull (Base = external occipital protuberance to foramen magnum Apex = C7)

Question 28

Interspinous Ligaments

Answer 28

Pass between adjacent spinous processes

Question 29

Trapezius action and innervation

Answer 29

Action: Upward rotation of scapula during humeral ABD. Also elevation, retraction, and depression of scapula Innervation: CNXI (Accessory)

Question 30

Latissimus Dorsi action and innervation

Answer 30

Action: Extension, IR, and ADD of humerus Innervation: Thoracodorsal (C7-8)

Question 31

Levator Scapulae action and innervation

Answer 31

Action: Elevation of scapula Innervation: Dorsal scapular (C5)

Question 32

Rhomboids action and innervation

Answer 32

Action: Retraction and elevation of scapula Innervation: Dorsal scapular (C5)

Question 33

Serratus posterior inferior and superior action and innervation

Answer 33

Action: Assist in respiration (depress and elevate ribs) Innervation: Anterior rami

Question 34

Splenius capitus and cervicis

Answer 34

Capitus: Spinous processes --> Occipital bone Cervicis: Spinous process T3-6 --> Transverse processes C1-3 (B) Extend neck (U) Ipsilateral rotation

Question 35

Erector Spinae

Answer 35

Iliocostalis: Iliac crest --> Ribs Longissimus: Transverse process of lower --> Transverse process of upper Spinalis: Spinous process of lower --> Spinous process of upper (B) Primary extensor of spine (U) Ipsilateral flexion

Question 36

Semispinalis

Answer 36

Transverse process of lower --> Spinous process of upper (span 4-6) (B) Extend the spine (U) Contralateral rotation

Question 37

Multifidus

Answer 37

Transverse lower --> Spinous upper (spans 2-4) (B) Extend spine (U) Contralateral rotation

Question 38

Rotatores

Answer 38

Transverse lower -> Spinous upper (spans 1-2) (B) Extend spine (U) Contralateral rotation

Question 39

Action of suboccipital muscles

Answer 39

Capital extension

Question 40

Suboccipital muscles

Answer 40

Rectus Capitus Posterior Minor (C1 spine --> occiput) Rectus Capitus Posterior Major (C2 spine --> occiput) Obliquus Capitus Inferior (C1 transverse --> C2 spine) Obliquus Captius Superior (C1 transverse --> Occiput)

Question 41

Suboccipital Triangle

Answer 41

RCPMajor, OCS, OCI | Contains vertebral artery and posterior ramus of C1

Question 42

Innervation of suboccipitals

Answer 42

Posterior ramus of C1

Question 43

Extensions of pia mater that anchor spinal cord

Answer 43

Denticulate Ligaments | Filum Terminale

Question 44

Where do dura and arachnoid mater end?

Answer 44

S2

Question 45

Spine of scapula is in line with ___ vertebral level

Answer 45

T3

Question 46

Inferior angle of scapula is in line with ___ vertebral level

Answer 46

T7

Question 47

Highest point of iliac crest is in line with ___ vertebral level

Answer 47

L4