Gross organisation of the Nervous System Flashcards

(65 cards)

1
Q

Despite nervous systems appearing slightly different across animal orders…

A

they are composed of key shared features

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2
Q

What nervous system of Sponges and jellyfish have?

A

a nerve net

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3
Q

what’s the difference neuronally between vertebrates and invertebrates?

A

Invertebrates have a ventral nerve cord, compared with a dorsal cord in vertebrates

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4
Q

What brain regions do all vertebrates have? (5)

A

olfactory bulb, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, optic tectum, medulla oblongata

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5
Q

what brain region do only mammals have?

A

Neocortex

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6
Q

What’s the Nervous system divided into?

A

Peripheral and Central nervous sytsem

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7
Q

What is the central nervous system divided into?

A

Spinal cord and Brain

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8
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

A

Autonomic nervous system and Somatic nervous system

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9
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

What’s the somatic nervous system divided into?

A

Afferent and efferent nerves

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11
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Hollow spaces in the brain filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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12
Q

What’s the function of ventricles?

A
  • cushion the brain
  • maintain chemical stability
  • remove waste products
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13
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A
  • tubular, long structure made up of nervous tissue extending from the brain to the lower back
  • Protected by spinal column and surrounded by meninges and CSF
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14
Q

What’s the purpose of the spinal cord?

A

it’s the primary channel for messages from skin, joints and muscles to and from the brain

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15
Q

What type of neurons do the dorsal roots of the spinal cord contain?

A

Sensory, afferent neurons

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16
Q

what type of neurons do the ventral roots of the spinal cord contain?

A

motor, efferent neurons

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17
Q

what matter does the spinal cord contain (2)

A

grey and white

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18
Q

what is grey matter?

A

neuron cell bodies

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19
Q

what is white matter?

A

myelinated axons

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20
Q

Which is the oldest part of the brain?

A

brainstem

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21
Q

what is the function of the brainstem?

A

controls vital functions

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22
Q

what 4 parts does the brainstem contain?

A
  • midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • pons
  • medulla
  • cerebellum
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23
Q

What is the pons?

A

a swelling coming out from the ventral surface of the brainstem

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24
Q

what’s the function of the pons?

A

important relay between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex

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25
What's the function of the medulla?
control of blood pressure and respiration
26
what is the function of the cerebellum?
movement control
27
what is the cerebellum connected to?
cerebrum and spinal cord
28
How many neurons does the cerebellum contain?
more than both cerebral hemispheres (lots in a small space)
29
what do diseases of the cerebellum normally cause?
ataxias- aberrant movement coordination (similar to that seen from alcohol as alcohol effects the cerebellum)
30
Can humans live without a cerebellum?
yes
31
What is the mesencephalon commonly known as?
midbrain
32
what's the function of the mesencephalon? (2)
- linkages between components of motor systems | - eye movement
33
What does the diencephalon contain?
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
34
What is the function of the thalamus? (2)
relay and gating
35
what's the function of the hypothalamus? (2)
homeostasis and reproduction
36
How is the cerebral cortex divided?
into left and right hemispheres along a sagital fissure
37
what is the function of the cerebral cortex? (3)
voluntary actions, cognition, perception/awareness
38
how many layers is the mammalian cerebral cortex?
6- most complex
39
What does the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex relate to?
intelligence
40
what's the purpose of cortical folding in the cerebral cortex?
to increase the SA, therefore increasing cerebral neurons in the space
41
what are each cerebral hemisphere divided into?
lobes
42
how many cerebral lobes?
4
43
what are the 4 cerebral lobes?
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
44
what are the 3 layers of cells of the embryo?
- endoderm - mesoderm - ectoderm
45
What does the endoderm form into?
linings and organs
46
what does the mesoderm form into?
bones and muscles
47
what does the ectoderm form into?
nervous system and skin
48
how is the neural tube formed?
the neural plate folds
49
what does the CNS form from?
the walls of the neural tube
50
what does the PNS form from?
the neural crest
51
what causes spina bifida?
the failure of the posterior neural tube to close
52
what are 4 ways of imaging the brain?
- MRI - CT - fMRI - PET
53
What does CT stand for?
Computed Tomography
54
what happens in a CT scan?
an X-ray source is rotated around the head within the plane of the desired cross-section. on the other side, there are detectors sensitive to X-rays. Information is fed into a computer, which uses an algorithm to construct an image.
55
what does the CT scan image show?
The gross organization of grey and white matter and ventricles in the living brain
56
what was MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
57
Compare CT to MRI
MRI shows a more detailed map of brain w/o X-rays
58
How does an MRI work?
Uses information on how hydrogen atoms in the brain respond to perturbations of a strong magnetic field. EM signals emitted are detected by an array of surrounding sensors to construct a map of the brain
59
What can a MRI image show?
A map of the entire brain
60
what are MRI and CT scans useful for?
detecting structural changes like swelling or tumours
61
what don't MRI and CT scans show?
chemical/ electrical occurrences in the brain
62
What does PET stand for?
Positron Emission Topography
63
How is a PET done?
a radioactive solution containing atoms that emit positrons is introduced to the blood stream. Positrons are emitted wherever the blood goes
64
What does a PET scan show?
Where metabolic activity is occurring in the brain- which parts of the brain are active for different activities (live imaging)
65
what does fMRI do?
detects regions of more activity by measuring the ratio of haemoglobin to deoxyhaemoglobin