group

Question 1

any collection of two or more people who have some- thing in common, whether it’s their appearance, culture, occupation, or just a physical proximity

Answer 1

group

Question 2

a collection of people who not only share some attribute but also identify with one another and have ongoing social relations

Answer 2

group

Question 3

they don’t necessarily have a sense of common identity, and they rarely assemble again once they disperse

Answer 3

crowd

Question 4

examples of this are Collections of people such as crowds, audiences, and queues

Answer 4

aggregates

Question 5

people who happen to find themselves together in a particular physical location

Answer 5

aggregates

Question 6

Groups in which we are intimately associated with the other members, such as families and close friends

Answer 6

primary groups

Question 7

typically involve more face- to-face interaction, greater cooperation, and deeper feelings of belonging. Members often associate with each other for no other reason than to spend time together.

Answer 7

primary group

Question 8

introduced the term primary for this type of group because such groups have the most profound effects on us as individuals.

Answer 8

Charles Horton Cooley

Question 9

represent the most important “looking glasses” in the formation of our social selves—they constitute our “significant others.”

Answer 9

primary groups

Question 10

Larger, less intimate groups

Answer 10

secondary groups

Question 11

these include coworkers, college classes, athletic organizations, labor unions, and political parties

Answer 11

secondary groups

Question 12

organized around a specific activity or the accom- plishment of a task

Answer 12

secondary groups

Question 13

You and your family, your friends, peers, colleagues, teachers, and coworkers constitute a

Answer 13

social network

Question 14

connections between individuals

Answer 14

social ties

Question 15

how groups form, change, disintegrate, achieve great goals, or commit horrendous wrongs constitute what

Answer 15

group dynamics

Question 16

The size of a group affects how it operates and the types of individual relationships that can occur within it.

Answer 16

dyad

Question 17

the smallest possible social group, consists of only two members

Answer 17

dyad

Question 18

a married couple, two best friends, or two siblings

Answer 18

dyad

Question 19

slightly more stable because the addition of a third person means that conflicts between two members can be refereed by the third.

Answer 19

triad

Question 20

a group a member identifies with and feels loyalty toward.

Answer 20

in group

Question 21

distinctness from or even hostility toward other group

Answer 21

out group

Question 22

can be a source of prejudice and discrimination based on class, race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or political opinion

Answer 22

in group

Question 23

When a group provides standards by which a person evaluates his own personal attributes, it is known as a

Answer 23

reference group

Question 24

one to which we aspire to belong but of which we are not yet members;

Answer 24

reference group

Question 25

the sense of solidarity or team spirit that members feel toward their group.

Answer 25

group cohesion

Question 26

highly cohesive groups may demand absolute conformity and punish those who threaten to undermine the consensus.

Answer 26

group think

Question 27

When this happens, groups may begin to feel invulnerable and morally superior (White 1989). Members who would otherwise wish to dissent may instead cave in to peer pressure.

Answer 27

group think

Question 28

When individuals are part of groups, they are necessarily influenced by other members

Answer 28

social influence or peer pressure

Question 29

doing the things we’re supposed to do,

Answer 29

prescription

Question 30

avoiding the things we’re not supposed to do.

Answer 30

proscription

Question 31

the mildest kind of conformity, means
going along with something
because you expect to gain
rewards or avoid punishments

Answer 31

compliance

Question 32

somewhat
stronger kind of conformity,
is induced by a person’s desire to establish or maintain a
relationship with a person or
group

Answer 32

identification

Question 33

the strongest kind of conformity, occurs when an individual adopts the beliefs of a leader or group

Answer 33

internalization

Question 34

example: dressing modestly as required by your religion—because you believe it to be morally right

Answer 34

internalization

Question 35

a specific type of secondary group, are everywhere in your life—your university, employer, internet service provider, fast-food restaurant, and even church are likely to be organized

Answer 35

bureaucracy

Question 36

designed to perform tasks efficiently, and they approach their tasks, whatever they are, with calculations designed deliberately to meet their goals.

Answer 36

bureaucracies

Question 37

All members of a bureaucracy are assigned specialized roles and tasks. 


Answer 37

specialization

Question 38

Bureaucratic members are specially trained for their specific roles. 


Answer 38

technical competence

Question 39

Bureaucracies always feature the supervision of subordinates by higher-ranking managers and bosses. 


Answer 39

hierarchy

Question 40

These are meant to make all operations as predictable as possible. 


Answer 40

rules and regulations

Question 41

In a bureaucracy, rules come before people; no individual receives special treatment. 


Answer 41

impersonality

Question 42

Documents such as memos (or e-mails) are the heart of the organization and the most effective way to communicate. 


Answer 42

formal written communication

Question 43

coined bureaucracy

Answer 43

Max Weber

Question 44

in which rules and regulations are paramount and an individual’s unique personal qualities are unimportant.

Answer 44

rationalization

Question 45

mcdonaldization

Answer 45

George Ritzer

Question 46

The basic idea is that these elements have been adapted based on the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant ---- efficiency, calculability, predictability and standardization, and control ---- and that this adaptation has ripple effects throughout all aspects of society.

Answer 46

mcdonaldization

Question 47

entails a managerial focus on minimizing the time required to complete individual tasks as well as that required to complete the whole operation or process of production and distribution.

Answer 47

efficiency

Question 48

focus on quantifiable objectives (counting things) rather than subjective ones (evaluation of quality).

Answer 48

calculability

Question 49

found in repetitive and routinized production or service delivery processes and in the consistent output of products or experiences that are identical or close to it (predictability of the consumer experience).

Answer 49

predictability and standardization

Question 50

is wielded by the management to ensure that workers appear and act the same on a moment-to-moment and daily basis. It also refers to the use of robots and technology to reduce or replace human employees wherever possible.

Answer 50

control