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hmrt > Group 2 > Flashcards

Group 2 Flashcards

1
Q

For efficient single binocular vision to occur, the retinal images for the two eyes must be in: good focus and of
similar size and shape.

A

good focus and of similar size and shape.

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2
Q

reviewed the theory of corresponding retinal points developed by Muller, Lotze, Hering, Panum, and other 19th century investigators.

A

Kenneth Ogle (1950)

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3
Q

According to _____, each light-sensitive element in the retinal mosaic (rod or cone) has a specific local sign: when a particular retinal element is stimulated, the individual experiences a specific subjective visual direction with respect to the directionalization of the fovea.

A

Lotze

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4
Q

spoke of the visual direction as the subjective direction associated with the fovea when a given object is fixated

A

Hering (1879)

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5
Q

according to him, when a particular retinal element is stimulated, the individual experiences a specific subjective visual direction with respect to the directionalization of the fovea.

A

Lotze

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6
Q

Visual direction with respect to the eye.

A

Occulocentric directionalization

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7
Q

Visual direction with respect to the head

A

Egocentric directionalization

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8
Q

True or false: If fixation movements are made while the head remains motionless, occulocentric directionalization (for each fovea) does not change, but egocentric directionalization does change.

A

True

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9
Q

When the two eyes steadily fixate a point in a straight ahead direction.

A

PRIMARY VISUAL DIRECTION

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10
Q

pairs of points, one in each retina, having the same visual direction and sending their nerve impulses to the same point in the visual cortex.

A

Corresponding Retinal Points

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11
Q

The visual fields for the two eyes overlap except for the_______ crescents, which are imaged on the______ retina.

A

temporal; nasal

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12
Q

points have the same visual direction

A

Corresponding Retinal Points

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13
Q

all points in object space that form images on pairs of corresponding retinal points form an imaginary surface known as

A

Horopter

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14
Q

usually slightly curved surface, either concave or convex toward the observer

A

Horopter

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15
Q

According to Ogle, if the corresponding retinal points for the two eyes were symmetrically placed, the shape of the horopter would be____ or known as Vieth-Muller Circle

A

circle

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16
Q

The shape of the horopter after it is determined experimentally

A

flatter curvature

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17
Q

for a short distance the horopter is____ toward the observer

A

concave

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18
Q

for longer distance the horopter is____ toward the observer

A

convex

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19
Q

for a distance of about 1m (the abathic distance), it is in the form of a ____

A

flat plane

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20
Q

True or False: The fact that the experimentally determined horopter, does not coincide with the Vieth-Muller circle has been interpreted to indicate that the separation of corresponding retinal points is an equal on the nasal and temporal halves of the retina

A

True

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21
Q

The method that is most commonly used, providing the most consistent results.

A

Apparent Frontoparallel Plane Method

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22
Q

The method that is most theoretically correct is that of determining the position of each of a number of points (in the horizontal meridian) so that subjective visual directions of the images formed on the two retinas are identical

A

Identical Visual Direction

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23
Q

The two methods that Ogle describes in experimentally determining the horopter:

A

Apparent Frontoparallel Plane Method and Identical Visual Direction

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24
Q

refers to the process by which the images formed on the retina of the two eyes are combined into a single percept

A

Sensory fusion

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25
Q

often used as a synonym for sensory fusion

A

Unification

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26
Q

In 1856, Panum demonstrated that within certain limits fusion was possible when the two retinal images of an object were not formed on corresponding retinal points.

A

Panum’s Fusional Areas

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27
Q

______ dimension of Panum’s fusional areas was somewhat greater than the ______ dimension.

A

Horizontal; vertical

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28
Q

The horizontal dimension of the panum’s fusional area varied with the ?

A

peripheral visual angle

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29
Q

In the horizontal width of Panum’s fusional area, a visual angle of 1 degree was approximately

A

8 minutes of arc

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30
Q

Visual angle of 4 degrees is approximately

A

12 minutes of arc

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31
Q

Visual angle of 12 degrees is equivalent to __________ minutes of arc

A

25 minutes of arc

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32
Q

an 8 minute wide fusional area located 1 degree from the center of the fovea would encompass almost_____ cones

A

300

33
Q

12 degrees from the center of the fovea is equivalent to ________ cones

A

140,000 cones

34
Q

25 minutes of arc is equivalent to ______ rods

A

2300 rods

35
Q

Osterberg’s figure

A

147,300 foveal cones

36
Q

the fine oscillating movements that the eyes make during fixation

A

micronystagmus movements

37
Q

True or false: because of Panum’s fusional area the horopter is not a surface but a solid

A

True

38
Q

it occurs when an object is located in front or behind the region of single binocular vision.

A

Physiological diplopia

39
Q

According to Lotze and other researchers, the limits of binocular vision must be considered _______

A

gradient

40
Q

non corresponding points on the retinas of the two eyes, creates

A

retinal disparity

41
Q

A large amount of retinal disparity results

A

Diplopia

42
Q

Small amount of retinal disparity results

A

stereopsis

43
Q

Ogle characterized streopsis as being _____, whereas monocular clues to the perception of depth are empirical clues that must be _______

A

innate; learned

44
Q

predominant clue for the binocular perception of distance

A

Retinal Disparity

45
Q

Monocular clues for the perception of distance:

A

:Size, overlay, geometrical perspective, aerial perspective, light and shadow

46
Q

large objects are interpreted as being closer than small objects

A

Size

47
Q

an object that blocks another object is interpreted as being the closer of the two

A

Overlay

48
Q

this is typified by a road or railroad tracks converging towards the horizon

A

Geometrical Perspective

49
Q

objects high above the horizon are interpreted as being closer than objects near the horizon

A

Aerial Perspective

50
Q

monocular clues are sometimes referred to as empirical clues, and also known as _______, because they are used by artists to convey the illusion of distance.

A

the picture painting clues

51
Q

Binocular clues for the perception of distance

A

retinal disparity, convergence, and accommodation

52
Q

both eyes move in the same direction

A

conjugate movement or version movements

53
Q

the eyes move towards each other or away from the other

A

disjunctive or Vergence movements

54
Q

eyes moves toward one another

A

convergence

55
Q

eyes moves away from one another

A

divergence

56
Q

is a fast, abrupt movement initiated by a sudden increase in innovation to the muscle concerned.

A

Saccadic

57
Q

movement to the right

A

dextroversion

58
Q

movement to the left

A

levoversion

59
Q

According to Burde (1975), saccadic movements are thought to be mediated by the eye fields in the ______ and can occur with a speed as high as ______ degrees per second

A

frontal lobe (area 8); 400

60
Q

Saccadic movements can occur as:

A
  1. voluntary refixation movements
  2. involuntary or random movements, or in response to visual or auditory stimuli
  3. the fast phase in nystagmus
  4. rapid eye movements occurring in REM sleep
  5. microsaccades
  6. pursuit movements faster than 45° per second
61
Q

is a slower conjugate movement made to keep the image of a moving object on or near the fovea, or to keep the image of a stationary object on or near the phobia as the head moves

A

Following movement

62
Q

following movement is located in

A

Parietooccipital junction (area 19)

63
Q

which disjunctive (vergence) movement is more highly developed?

A

Convergence is more highly developed, its amplitude is being 10 times compared to divergence

64
Q

when the eyes are fixated on a distant object, the total amount of divergent that can be stimulated (by means of base in prism) is no more than about _____ degrees or ____ prism diapers

A

6; 9.5

65
Q

when converging towards the nose, in the push up test for convergence, the eyes may converge as much as

A

60 degrees (95 prism diopters)

66
Q

the stimuli for vergence movements include the following:

A
  1. Changes in accommodation (accommodative convergence)
  2. Retinal Disparity (disparity convergence or fusional convergence)
  3. Awareness of nearness of an object (Proximal convergence)
67
Q

he described convergence movement as involving a gradual increase in the activity of the medial rectus muscles reaching a maximum and gradually declining, with the lateral rectus muscle showing reciprocity throughout the movement

A

Burde

68
Q

Burde described _____ movement as involving a gradual _______ in the activity of the ______ rectus muscles reaching a maximum and gradually declining, with the lateral rectus muscle showing reciprocity throughout the movement

A

convergence; increase; medial

69
Q

Burde described two types of electromyographic activity for divergence, the first one:

A

involves as a saccadic burst of firing and both the lateral and medial rectus muscles followed by reciprocal excitation and inhibition of agonist and antagonist

70
Q

Burde described two types of electromyographic activity for divergence, the second one:

A

involves an immediate saccadic burst of activity to the lateral rectus muscles with a concomitant inhibition of the medial rectus muscles and followed by irregular activity of both muscles

71
Q

refers to the vergence movements made by the eyes in response to retinal disparity and having the result of obtaining or maintaining images on corresponding retinal points so that sensory fusion may take place

A

Motor Fusion

72
Q

Ogle described motor fusion in terms of what he called the ___&&&

A

Fusion Compulsion

73
Q

if a prism, base-out, is suddenly placed in front of one eye while a distant object is fixated, two objects are seen momentarily , but (if not too far apart) they suddenly move toward one another and as if attracted to one another by a magnet like force

A

The Fusion Compulsion

74
Q

the process by means of which the optical system of the eye varies its focal length and response to visual stimuli

A

Accommodation

75
Q

the process of accommodation is mediated by the _____ , and involves an increase in the vergence of light brought about by the _____

A

cilliary muscle; crystalline lens

76
Q

True or False: Accommodation may be specified either in terms of the ACCOMMODATIVE STIMULI or the ACCOMMODATIVE RESPONSE. In clinical work you must deal with the stimulus to the to accommodation because we have no method of knowing at any given moment the accommodative response

A

True

77
Q

accommodation may be stimulated in either of two ways:

A
  1. near objects
  2. by the use of minus lens
78
Q

the stimulus to accommodation is specified in terms of the

A

diopter

79
Q

instrument used in research but not ordinarily used clinically, provides a method of measuring the accommodative response?

A

Haploscope

hmrt (3 decks)

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