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GAP Lecture Exam Unit 4 > Group 2 > Flashcards

Group 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Formation of Lymph

A

ISF is collected through lymph capillaries, transported to lymph vessels then nodes, cleaned by lymhocytes and then mixed back into blood

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2
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic System

A

Returns fluid leaked out of capillaries back to blood

Stores some immune cells and transports them throughout the body

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3
Q

Function of Lymph Nodes

A

Filter lymph by providing site for leukocytes to destroy microorganisms and remove debres
Cite for lymphocyte activation

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4
Q

What are the Primary Lymphatic structures

A

Red Bone Marrow

Thymus

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5
Q

What do primary lymphatic structures do

A

Locations where immune cells are formed and mature

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6
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic structures

A

Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
Mucosa

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7
Q

Function of secondary lymphatic structures

A

House immune cells

Location where immune response begins

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8
Q

Location of the Thymus

A

Mediastinum - posterior to sternum

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9
Q

Function of Thymus

A

Site of T cell maturation

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10
Q

Function of Spleen

A

Filters out old blood cells and platelets

Additional site for lymphocyte acvtivation

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11
Q

Location of spleen

A

Left of the stomach

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12
Q

Location of tonsils

A

Form a ring around pharynx

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13
Q

Function of tonsils

A

Provide immune surveillance for substances that pass through the pharynx

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14
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Supply the body with oxygen and eliminate CO2

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15
Q

Structures in upper respiratory tract

A

Nose and Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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16
Q

Structures in lower respiratory tract

A

Lungs
Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
Trachea

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17
Q

Conducting zone

A

Portion of the respiratory anatomy that provides a channel for air movement

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18
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Sites of external respiration (diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood)

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19
Q

Functions of respiratory mucosa

A

Cleans and protects air passages by trapping bacteria and debris

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20
Q

Tissues associated with respiratory mucosa

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells

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21
Q

Function of olfactory mucosa

A

contains smell receptors

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22
Q

Function of the Larynx

A

Provide a patent airway
Voice production
Allow increase in abdominal pressure
Epiglottis diverts food away from airway

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23
Q

Functions of Pharynx

A

Part of digestive system
Airway
Connects nasal and oral cavities

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24
Q

Valsalva Maneuver

A

Forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway

Close mouth and nose while pressing out as if blowing up a balloon

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25
Layers of Trachea
Mucosa-Innermost layer (Pseudostratified columnar epithelium) Submucosa Hyaline Cartilage Adventitia-Outermost layer
26
Function of the Trachea
Connects the larynx to the bronchi (Airway to and from lungs)
27
What makes up the brachial tree
Bronchi (3 types) Bronchioles Alveoli
28
3 Types of bronchi
Primary Secondary Tertiary
29
Structural difference in left and right bronchi
Right primary bronchi is more horizontal (most likely place to choke)
30
Function of Type 1 Alveoli
Diffusion/structural cells | *Simple Squamous Epithelium*
31
Function of Type 2 Alveoli
Produce surfactant (Lubricant)
32
Different Alveoli
Type 1 | Type 2
33
Function of Surfactant
Lubricates and reduces surface tension within each alveolus, preventing alveolar collapse
34
What are alveoli
Small air sacs of the lungs
35
Boyles Law
Describes the volume and pressure relationship of a gas | * AS VOLUME INCREASES, PRESSURE DECREASES (&VISE VERSA)
36
During Inspiration
Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm causing it to contract and flatten. This enlongates and enlargens the thoracic cavity. External intercoastals also contract causing ribs to elevate enlarging thoracic cavity
37
During Expiration
The diaphragm relaxes and returns to its normal domed shape. The thoracic cavity wall returns to its resting position and smaller diameter. elastic tissue of the lungs reduces the previously expanded shape of the lung.
38
Boyles law inspiration
Volume increases inside the lungs, pressure decreases inside the lungs. Air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs (down pressure gradient)
39
Boyles law expiration
As volume inside the lungs decreases, pressur einside the lungs increases, causing gas to flow out of the lungs and respiratory tract into the atmosphere.
40
Spirometer
An instrument used to measure the amount of air exchanged in breathing
41
Total Lung Capacity
Maximum amount of air contained in the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effect (sum of all lung volumes)
42
Vital Capacity
Total amount of exchangable air
43
Tidal Volume
Amount of air inhaled of exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
44
Residual Volume
Air that remains in lungs after most forceful expiration
45
Respiratory control centers
Medulla Oblongata/Pons Hypothalamus Cerebral Cortex
46
Medulla Oblongata/Pons effect of repiration
Involuntary
47
Hypothalamus effect on respiration
Temperature
48
Cerebral Cortex effect on respiration
Voluntary
49
Influence of CO2 on pH
As CO2 accumulates in the blood, pH decreases * Increasing ventilation decreases plasma CO2 partial pressure, shifts the chemical equilibrium to the left and reduces plasma H+ (Elevating pH) * Decreasing ventilation, increases plasma CO2 partial pressure, shifts chemical equilibrium to the right and increases plasma H+ (Decreasing pH)
50
Components of respiratory membrane
Alveolar epithelial and pulonary capillary endothelial | Gas exchange across membrane - diffuseion of oxygen into and CO2 out of the blood
51
Transportation of CO2 and O2 EXTERNAL GAS EXCHANGE
Oxygen moves into capillaries from lungs
52
Transportation of CO2 and O2 RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
CO2 moves into the lungs from capillaries
53
Transportation of O2 and CO2 INTERNAL GAS EXCHANGE
CO2 moves into blood from tissues
54
Transportation of O2 and CO2 CAPILLARY MEMBRANE
O2 moves into tissue from capillaries
55
Muscles involved with inspiration
Diaphragm | External Intercoastals
56
Muscles involved with passive (quiet) expiration
``` External Intercoastals (Relaxing) Diaphragm (relaxing and returning to resting shape) ```
57
Muscles involved with Forced Expiration
Internal Intercoastals contract Abdominals Contract Diaphragm
58
Pressure during inhalation
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure | Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure
59
Pressure during Exhalation
Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than Atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure
60
Pressure during transition of inhalation and exhalation
Intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure and greater than intrapleural pressure
61
Pressure during pneumothorax (Lung collapse)
ABNORMAL | Intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure
62
4 phases of respiration
Pulmonary Ventilation External Respiration Respiratory Gastransport Internal Respiration
63
Pulmonary Ventilation
Process of moving air into and out of the lungs to change and refresh gas in lungs
64
External Respiration
Process of exchanging gas between blood and alveoli
65
Respiratory Gastransport
Transport of CO2 and O2 to and from the lungs and tissues of the body by way of the cardiovascular system
66
Internal Respiration
Gas exchanges made between blood and tissue cells

GAP Lecture Exam Unit 4 (2 decks)

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