Group 4

Question 1

g involves turning raw ingredients
like petroleum or natural gas into polymers that may be
moulded or sculpted into a variety of shapes

Answer 1

Plastic manufacturing

Question 2

The primary raw material used to manufacture plastics

Answer 2

petroleum

Question 3

The production and transportation of plastic products and the
disposal of plastic waste can contribute to

Answer 3

carbon emissions

Question 4

can take the form of solid materials like discarded
material and packaging, as well as hazardous waste like
chemicals and by-products

Answer 4

waste

Question 5

Ocean litter has been identified and quantified in the four marine habitats

Answer 5

beach, ocean bottom, ocean water column, and ocean surface

Question 6

designed to accept solid debris and
prevent contamination of the land and groundwater
from the solid debris.

Answer 6

landfills

Question 7

Landfills are, typically,
designed according to the _________ strategy

Answer 7

Cap and Seal

Question 8

primarily include chlorinated
and brominated compounds, for example, chlorofluorocarbons.

Answer 8

ozone depleting chemicals

Question 9

can be formed from many chemicals including carbon monoxide, particulates, and
hydrocarbons

Answer 9

smog

Question 10

bloom of vegetation in aquatic or terrestrial environments

Answer 10

Eutrophication

Question 11

Reduction in the pH of the aquatic environment.

Answer 11

acidification

Question 12

formed during the production of energy for manufacturing
facilities

Answer 12

Toxic chemical

Question 13

These materials are renewable,
biodegradable, and have a lower environmental
impact than plastic.

Answer 13

natural materials

Question 14

infinitely
recyclable and has a low environmental impact

Answer 14

glass

Question 15

another durable and versatile material that
can replace plastic in some applications

Answer 15

metals

Question 16

renewable, biodegradable,
and have a low environmental impact. They can be
used in a wide range of applications, including food
and beverage packaging. T

Answer 16

paper and cardboard

Question 17

can be used to compare the environmental impacts of
producing plastic products.

Answer 17

Life cycle assessments (LCA)

Question 18

methodology to assess the environmental impacts of a product, process, or service.

Answer 18

Life cycle assessments (LCA)

Question 19

LCA is performed with a four-step
process that includes:

Answer 19

Definition of goal and scope
Life Cycle Inventory
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Interpretation of the LCA result

Question 20

ensures that comparisons can be made between different
materials, processes, or services

Answer 20

functional unit

Question 21

one where the materials and energy required to produce
a product from raw materials to final product are used in the LCA calculations.

Answer 21

cradle-to-gate LCA

Question 22

An LCA that considers manufacturing,
product use, and end-of-life is referred
to as

Answer 22

Cradle-to-grave

Question 23

An LCA that
includes chemical recycling or reuse
can be referred to as

Answer 23

cradle-to-cradle

Question 24

Inventory of relevant energy, material, and transportation inputs and related
liquid, gas, and solid generated outputs.

Answer 24

Life Cycle Inventory

Question 25

correspond to aggregation for each type of impact

Answer 25

midpoint indicators

Question 26

correspond to the effect on target criteria

Answer 26

endpoint indicators

Question 27

Converting recycled plastics to plastic pellets involves sorting, washing, drying, and pelletizing.

Answer 27

mechanical recycling

Question 28

very common thermochemical decomposition of carbon-based materials at elevated temperatures of 700°C in the absence of oxygen

Answer 28

pyrolysis

Question 29

a chemical recycling process for plastics wastes that involves depolymerization techniques such as alcoholysis, hydrolysis, acidolysis, and aminolysis.

Answer 29

solvolysis

Question 30

type of chemical or tertiary recycling technique that is applicable to step-growth (polycondensation) thermoplastics and thermosets, such as polyesters, polyamides, and polyurethanes

Answer 30

solvolysis

Question 31

the dissociation of a polymer into small particles via any mechanism.

Answer 31

fragmentation

Question 32

is the undesirable modification of the original properties, due to the chemical cleavage of macromolecules forming a polymer system, whatever the mechanism that cleaves the chain

Answer 32

degradation

Question 33

conversion of a polymer system into biomass

Answer 33

bioassimilation

Question 34

produced by thermal degradation of hydrocarbon plastic debris without oxygen

Answer 34

pyrolytic oil

Question 35

Thermal treatment of plastic waste under oxygen deprivation

Answer 35

gasification

Question 36

Breaking down plastic waste into monomers aids in material recovery.

Answer 36

depolymerization

Question 37

Used for hydrogenolysis of Polypropylene and Polyethylene.

Answer 37

depolymerization

Question 38

Blockchain technology helps identify plastic waste by constructing tamper-proof ledgers tracking ocean-bound plastics' lifespan.

Answer 38

traceability

Question 39

being used in plastic resources and waste management to design plastics for trackability, leading to a circular economy

Answer 39

Blockchain technology

Question 40

Blockchain applications in waste management focus on payment or incentive facilitation and trash monitoring and tracking

Answer 40

Supply Chain Optimization

Question 41

The Act mandates businesses to accept responsibility for their plastic packaging waste disposal

Answer 41

The Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Act of 2022

Question 42

addresses the nation's solid waste problem using recycling and garbage segregation

Answer 42

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

Question 43

Regulates the transboundary transportation of hazardous and other wastes, including plastic trash

Answer 43

Basel convention

Question 44

Made from renewable materials like cornstarch and sugarcane

Answer 44

bioplastics

Question 45

Can be recycled into new products like bottles or car parts.

Answer 45

recyclable plastics

Question 46

Converts waste plastic into molecular components for new plastic goods

Answer 46

chemical recycling

Question 47

Involves procuring resources, commodities, and services with minimal environmental, societal, and economic impact.

Answer 47

sustainable sourcing

Question 48

Chemicals added to polymers to increase natural degradability.

Answer 48

biodegradable additives

Question 49

Involving multiple recycling of a product without compromising quality or value

Answer 49

circular economy strategy/closed-loop recycling

Question 50

Converts waste materials into new, high-quality products

Answer 50

Upcycling

Question 51

Natural decomposition of organic materials like food scraps, yard trash, and paper.

Answer 51

Composting

Question 52

Includes sunlight, wind, water, and geothermal heat.

Answer 52

Renewable energy

Question 53

Analyze environmental impact of products or processes from extraction to disposal

Answer 53

Life Cycle Assessments

Question 54

It is the maximum tensile load a material can withstand before fracturing.

Answer 54

tensile strength

Question 55

t is the percentage increased in the length of plastic when subjected to tensile forces, compared to its original length.

Answer 55

elongation

Question 56

_________ tensile strength is required for plastic packaging like plastic bags, since it needs to withstand sudden impact due to weight

Answer 56

Higher

Question 57

It is defined as the force required to start or continue to tear a material

Answer 57

Tear strength

Question 58

This measures a material’s resistance to cracking, breaking, or changing shape when subjected to sudden and intense impacts or shocks

Answer 58

Impact strength

Question 59

It refers to the level of resistance or grip between the packaging material and other surfaces

Answer 59

Surface friction

Question 60

It is the property of plastics that exhibit both viscous and elastic behaviors when subjected to deformation

Answer 60

Viscoelasticity

Question 61

Defined as the amount of mass per unit volume, it is an important property for packaging specifically for cost.

Answer 61

density

Question 62

__________density is preferred for cost and weight,

Answer 62

lower

Question 63

These properties are mainly for the visual appeal of packaging

Answer 63

transparency and gloss

Question 64

Polymers that are fully amorphous are

Answer 64

transparent

Question 65

is the material’s resistance to chemical reactions or changes when exposed to substances like solvents, oils, acids, or alkalis

Answer 65

Chemical stability

Question 66

This occurs when plastic components fail due to mechanical stress combined with exposure to agents like detergents and oils, accelerating degradation and potentially causing sudden failures.

Answer 66

Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC)

Question 67

These barriers are important in preserving the product’s quality and extending its shelf life by protecting it from external forces

Answer 67

moisture and gas barrier

Question 68

represents the temperature where an amorphous polymer shifts from a hard, glassy state to a softer, rubbery state, affecting flexibility and thermal stability

Answer 68

glass transition temperature Tg

Question 69

indicates the temperature at which crystalline regions of a polymer melt, crucial for semi-crystalline polymers' mechanical strength and heat resistance

Answer 69

melting temperature Tm

Question 70

It's vital for flexible and semi-rigid packaging like sachets, bags, and blister packs, ensuring a secure seal during heat sealing

Answer 70

Heat sealability

Question 71

ability of the packaging material to prevent the passage of gases, moisture, light, odors, and other substances that might impact the product quality

Answer 71

barrier requirements

Question 72

It refers to the duration a product can be stored under specific conditions to retain its safety, quality, and effectiveness.

Answer 72

shelf life

Question 73

It is the extent to which the product inside the packaging is visible or can be seen by consumers

Answer 73

packaging visibility

Question 74

manufacturing process to create objects with a fixed cross-sectional profile. Raw plastic material like pellets or granules is fed into an extruder

Answer 74

extrusion

Question 75

sheets generally________ than films

Answer 75

thicker

Question 76

Sheet plastics, often used in thermoforming, are mainly produced via

Answer 76

cast extrusion

Question 77

films are made through cast extrusion with a

Answer 77

slot die or blown extrusion with an annular die

Question 78

is the process of melting plastic resins and winding them into rolls

Answer 78

cast film extrusion

Question 79

Another extrusion process used to fabricate film products. In this process, the plastic is melted in the extruder. The molten polymer then enters a circular die head and is formed into a tube of plastic material.

Answer 79

Blown film

Question 80

is a type of transparent, flexible, and biodegradable film made from cellulose esters, primarily cellulose acetate

Answer 80

cellulose film

Question 81

involves merging two or more different polymers during extrusion, offering differing functional benefits and aesthetic effects.

Answer 81

coextrusion

Question 82

involves extrusion coating paper or paperboard with polymer, controlling width and thickness through a slot die.

Answer 82

lamination

Question 83

nclude wax bond lamination which relies on mechanical and moderate chemical bonds, and dry bond

Answer 83

dry lamination

Question 84

suits porous substrates like paper, where heat in the oven dries adhesives and substrates, ensuring a stable moisture profile

Answer 84

wet bond lamination

Question 85

plastic manufacturing process that involves heating a plastic sheet and forming it using a mold to specific shapes

Answer 85

thermoforming

Question 86

manufacturing process for producing parts by injecting molten material into a mold

Answer 86

injection molding

Question 87

used where more than one polymer or color is required to produce a part with multiple layers or components.

Answer 87

multi-injection molding

Question 88

enables the production of components with distinct colored sections or with both a core and an external layer

Answer 88

two-stage injection molding

Question 89

is a process where two or more different materials are injected into a single mold cavity simultaneously

Answer 89

single-stage coinjection molding/multi-material injection molding

Question 90

It is commonly used when the opening of the molded item is narrower than its overall body size, as seen in bottles and jars

Answer 90

blow molding

Question 91

It is the process whereby the plastic preform is injection molded and the preform travels on the core rod to the blow mold station, where blow air enters through the core rod and lifts the hot preform material off the core rod and forms it by air pressure to the design of the female blow mold.

Answer 91

injection blow molding

Question 92

It is the simplest type of blow molding

Answer 92

extrusion blow molding