Growing Environment Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What 5 things does a vine need
A
- heat
- sunlight
- water
- nutrients
- C02 (carbon dioxide)
2
Q
Winter =
A
dormant vines, no green parts
3
Q
Spring =
A
budburst, start of growing season, new shoots begin to grow
4
Q
Late Spring & Early Summer =
A
vine flowering, small hard green grapes form known as fruit set
5
Q
Fruit set =
A
small hard green grapes form from flowers
6
Q
Summer =
A
small hard green grapes continue to grow in size, but are still green in colour, high acid & low sugar
7
Q
Late Summer & Early Autumn =
A
grapes start to ripen (verasion - colour change), grapes swell with water, sugar rises, acids levels drop, flavours develop - first sign is colour change green to blue/black, pink or golden
8
Q
Veraison is
A
colour change in late summer or early fall, grapes change from green and hard to blue/black, pink, or golden
9
Q
Late Autumn =
A
harvest, growing season ends, leaves drop
10
Q
Vine needs heat -
A
too cold = no growth, struggle to survive
11
Q
Sunlight converts
A
carbon dioxide (C02) and water to glucose (sugar) and oxygen
12
Q
Photosynthesis
A
uses sunlight to convert CO2 (carbon dioxide) and water to glucose (sugar) and oxygen (O2)
13
Q
Vine combines Glucose & Nutrients
A
to support growth and MOSTLY to ripen grapes
14
Q
Nutrients come from the
A
SOIL
15
Q
Oxygen is lost through
A
leaves
16
Q
Temps below
A
50F too cold for vines to grow
17
Q
Sufficient heat needed for
A
successful flowering, fruit set, and ripening
18
Q
Riesling can thrive
A
in cooler climates
19
Q
Grenache needs
A
warmer climates
20
Q
Factors affecting heat include
A
Latitude
Altitude
Ocean currents
Fog
Soil
Aspect - face equator
21
Q
Latitude
A
(30d to 50d)
22
Q
Altitude
A
Cafayate in northern Argentina, higher altitude moderates heat
23
Q
Ocean currents
A
Humboldt - Chile, Benguela - South Africa -cooling
Gulf Stream - NW Europe - warming
24
Q
Fog
A
Helps cool an otherwise hot area
top vineyards in California
Casablanca Valley - Chile
25
Soil
dark, stone & rock = absorb and re-radiate heat = ripen fruit in cooler climates
high water content - delay bud burst = heats slowly
Priorat Spain - stony soil
26
Aspect - slope face
Mosel, DE - steeper slopes, facing equator
Esp. important in cooler climates
Steeper slopes benefit even more
27
Continentality
Variation of heat between seasons (summer and winter)
28
Diurnal range
Variation of heat between daytime and night-time
29
High continentality
big range between seasonal temperature ranges
30
Low continentality
less variation in temperatures throughout the year
31
Seas, lakes, and rivers help
moderate continentality
32
Seas, lakes, and rivers
heat up and cool down more slowly than landmasses
33
Seas, lakes, and rivers
warming effect in winter
34
Seas, lakes, and rivers
cooling effect in summer
35
Heat
Sun
Reflected from soil (stones/dark soil)
Winter warming from large bodies of water
36
Carbon Dioxide
CO2 - from atmosphere
37
Sunlight
Reflected from water
Sun
38
Oxygen
from photosynthesis
leaves combine CO2 & water to produce glucose (sugar) and oxygen
39
Water
rainfall
irrigation
water stored in soil
40
Nutrients
soil particles
humus (plant & animal)
fertiliser
41
Large bodies of water
lower continentality
42
Far inland locations
high continentality
43
Continentality determines
length of growing season
impact on total heat available to a fine
successful grape varieties here
44
Cool nights help
slow loss of aromas and acidity
45
Warm nights
accelerate ripening
46
Large diurnal range
fresher wines
more aromatics
47
Proximity to water bodies
reduce diurnal range - limit changes in heat and cool because water heats and cools more slowly
48
Water bodies help
keep warm at night
cooling breezes during day
49
Cloud cover (near seas and lakes)
affect diurnal range - clouds insulate, rise more slowly during day, sunlight cannot heat ground directly
50
Temps drop more quickly on clear nights
increasing diurnal range
51
Temps Below -4F
serious damage or kill vines
52
Earthing up - piling earth around graft
helps protect vines from winter freeze
53
Mild or no winter
> one crop per year
- no vine dormancy
- vines life shortened
- grapes will suffer
- larger insect pests to attack the vine in summer (don't die off b/c no winter
54
Spring frosts
below 32F
freeze water vapor near ground
kills new bud burst or shoots
damage yield
55
4 Ways to minimize frost risk
Heaters
Wind machines
Sprinklers
Vineyard design
56
Heaters minimize frost
by creating air movement preventing cold air from settling
57
Wind machines minimize frost
large fans, draw warm air from above to keep ground level temps from freezing, some have heaters
58
Sprinklers minimize frost
by spraying water onto vines, as it freezes, it releases some heat into the plant tissue protecting buds and shoots
59
Vineyard design minimizes frost by
plant on slopes, avoid depressions, vines trained higher than frost levels
60
cold spring temps may
delay budburst
shorten growing season
limits full grape ripening
61
Flowering and fruit set
disrupted by cold temps, result smaller than average grape crop
62
very hot temps
harmful, vine activity slows to stop (even with water), prevents grapes from ripening
63
Extreme hot temps
vine will die
hot and dry could mean fires
64
Fires have affected
California, Chile & Australia in recent years
65
Vineyards damaged and winery buildings destroyed
by fire
66
smoke affects
a much larger area
67
smoke creates
smoky or plastic like aromas in wines from smoky grapes
68
minimize smoke tainted fruit
ways to do it - milk on grapes
69
Photosynthesis requires
sunlight and water and CO2
70
Photosynthesis takes
sunlight, water, and CO2 and creates glucose (sugar) and oxygen (out from leaves)
71
Glucose from photosynthesis
is required for growing and ripening grapes
72
Constant sunshine is
not necessary for photosynthesis
73
Cloudy or foggy conditions
reduce photosynthesis & sugar accumulation
74
Flowering and fruit set
benefit from plenty of sunlight
75
Factors affecting sunlight
Latitude
Seas & lakes & rivers
Aspect
76
Latitude affects sunlight
- day length is longer during summer growing season the further from the equator
- extra sunlight helps Riesling ripen in Germany
77
Seas and lakes (& rivers) affect sunlight
-areas near them get more cloud cover
-also they can reflect sunlight from the water surface
78
Regions at the center of large land masses
get more sun
79
Aspect - slope direction and steepness
slopes facing equator receive the most sunlight
steep slopes benefit more
80
Distance from the Equator
- lessens the sun's energy
- vineyards closer to the Poles need favorable aspect more
81
Sunlight hazards
intense sun=sunburn meaning bitter flavor in skins
heavy cloud cover = stop grapes from fully ripening
cloudy conditions during flowering and fruit set = smaller grape crops
82
Vine canopy can manage
sunburn to maximize sunlight in cloudy areas or increase shade in extremely sunny regions
83
Vines need
water for photosynthesis - it comes up from roots to leaves
84
The amount of water needed is
determined by temperature
85
loss of moisture through leaves
through evaporation
86
Transpiration is
loss of water through leaves
87
Warmer temps increase
water evaporation through leaves, vines need more water from the soil to compensate
88
Sufficient canopy allows
more limited water supply
89
Limiting water supply can
benefit grape ripening
90
Water shortage can
allow the vine to concentrate on grape ripening (rather than shoot growth)
91
Water shortage can
reduce shading impact because the canopy will not grow further or too large
92
three main irrigation techniques (if local laws allow)
drip
sprinkler
flood
93
Drip irrigation is
- most common
- each vine has its own
- can be computer controlled for optimum
94
Sprinklers
pump water and shower it over vines
95
Sprinklers
waste water, create damp conditions increasing disease risk, can be used for frost protection
96
Flood irrigation
is very cheap, only possible in flat or very gently sloping vineyards, must have access to large quantities of water
97
Drought
vine can temporarily stop transpiration to preserve resources
98
Prolonged drought
vines suffer water street
photosynthesis stops
leaves wilt
grapes fail to ripen
could weaken and kill vines
99
too much water
- vines continue to grow shoots and leaves
- less sugar for grape ripening
- increases shading also restricting ripening
- waterlogged soil can kill roots through lack of oxygen
100
Avoid waterlogging by
- vines on a slope
- installing drainage pipes for level vineyards
101
Heavy rainfall in spring can
- disrupt flowering and fruit set
- reduce grape count
- create damp conditions that encourage fungal diseases
102
Heavy rainfall before harvest can
- cause berries to swell excessively
- dilute flavours in wine
- berries to split and attract fungus
103
Hail damages in spring include
- damage fruit set and flowering
- damage grapes and vines
104
Prone to hail are
Mendoza in Argentina
105
Hail storms often
localized - to protect, have several vineyards in different locations
106
Hail impact can be limited by
- a variety of locations
- netting over vines
107
Climate includes
temperature, sunlight, water availability
108
Climate is
average annual pattern of temperature, sunlight, and rainfall over several years (alters over decades)
109
Climate records show
- sustained increase in average air and ocean temperatures
- increased variability and extreme events
110
Weather is
annual variations relative to climate
111
Amount and timing of rainfall and warmth vary
considerably in Bordeaux, France
112
Bordeaux was
cool wet vintage 2013
warm dry vintage 2015
113
Central Valley in California weather
more predictable, hot dry weather
114
Regional temperature is
average temp during growing season
115
Growing season is
April to October - Northern Hemisphere
October to April - Southern Hemisphere
116
Cool climate is
average growing season temps below 62F
117
Moderate climate is
average growing season temps 62F - 65F
118
Warm climate is
average growing season temps 65F - 70F
119
Hot climate is
average growing season temps 70F plus
120
Continental climate is
- greatest / high continentality
- short summers
- large, rapid temp drops in fall
- dry summers (if hot temp, then irrigation is needed)
121
Cool continental climate
- like Chablis & Champagne in France
- risk of spring frost
- risk of cooler temps in growing season - affecting fruit set and ripening
- better suited to bud late / ripen early varieties
122
Maritime climate is
- cool to moderate temps
- low continentality
- rainfall evenly throughout year helping moderate temps
- warm enough grapes ripen into autumn
- rainfall in spring and summer can harm flowering, fruitset, and grape health at harvest
123
Mediterranean climate is
- low continentality
- warm and dry summers
- like the Mediterranean
- like coastal California, Chile, South Africa, & Australia
- extra warmth and sunlight lead to fuller body, riper tannin, higher alcohol, lower acidity
- lower rainfall can be good or in extreme lead to drought
124
Soil provides
water and nutrients
125
Soils sits
- above bedrock
- can be inches to meters deep
126
Soil is made of
- tiny particles of various sizes
- larger stones
- rocks and humus
127
Soil composition
is important
128
Soil particle size
is crucial
129
Stones are the
largest soil particle size
130
Stones can help
hold heat in a vineyard
131
Of the tiny soil particles, Sand is the
largest
132
Of the tiny soil particles, Clay is the
smallest
133
Humus is made of
decomposing animal and plant materials
134
Humus is
rich in nutrients
135
Humus has
great water retention properties
136
Grape quality is affected by
the amount of water available in the soil
137
Ideally a vine needs
good supply of water early in the growing season to support strong leaf and shoot growth
138
Ideally a vine needs
mild water stress after VERASION to promote grape ripening
139
Water is stored in soil by
binding to humus or clay particles
140
Too much clay
allows soil to waterlog and can kill vines
141
Sand particles and stones
do not hold water, drain well
142
Too much sand or stone
may not allow sufficient water to be retained
143
Loam is
the best mixture of sand and clay particles
has good drainage, but retains enough water for vine growth
144
Soil suitability depends on
temperature, rainfall in an area
145
The most important soil nutrients for a vine are
- nitrogen
- phosphorus
- potassium
146
Is any one soil type idea for vines
no - it varies by climate and varietal
147
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium occur
naturally in the soil and are taken up by vine roots
148
If nutrients are too high
the vines leaves grow too vigorously, create a dense canopy, and provide too much shade for grapes to grow
149
Over time, nutrients in the soil
are depleted and must be replaced
150
Chlorosis is
- caused by a lack of nutrients
- turns leaves yellow
- restricted vines ability to photosynthesize
151
Grapes struggle to ripen in Chlorosis and
grape quality and quantity is reduced
152
Chlorosis may be solved by
appropriate fertilizers added to the soil
153
Soil and vine nutrition impact
- quality and quantity of grapes
- quality of finished wine
154
Chlorosis is often
a chalky soil issue
