Growth Adaptations

Question 1

What helps to regulate the stress on an organ

Answer 1

homeostasis

Question 2

What is the increase in size of an organ called?

Answer 2

Hypertrophy

Question 3

What is the increase in the number of cells in an organ called?

Answer 3

Hyperplasia

Question 4

How does hypertrophy happen

Answer 4

the cytoskeleton need to increase to make it bigger in size. In order to do this you need to increase protein synthesis. To increase in protein synthesis, you need this to happens through gene activation. it also involved production of organelles.

Question 5

How does hyperplasia happen

Answer 5

It occurs through the production of new cell through stem cells

Question 6

What is the example of hypertrophy and hyperplasia happening together

Answer 6

pregnancy

Question 7

What cells can only go through hypertrophy

Answer 7

Permanent cells. They don’t have stem cell that allow them to go through hyperplasia

Question 8

What is Atrophy

Answer 8

it is a decrease in stress and leads to the decrease in size. this can occur in size of the cells and the decrease in the number of cells.

Question 9

How does atrophy occur in the body?

Answer 9

it occurs through the process called apoptosis.

Question 10

What are the 2 process of decreasing the cell size

Answer 10

the Ubiquitin proteasome degradation and the autophagy

Question 11

What is metaplasia

Answer 11

it is a change in the stress on organ leads to change in cell type.

Question 12

How does metaplasia occur

Answer 12

through the reprogramming of stem cells.

Question 13

What is the special characteristic of metaplasia

Answer 13

that it is reversible with removal of the driving stress that caused it to change.

Question 14

What metaplasia can lead to

Answer 14

dysplasia and cancer and Vitamin A deficiency ( keratomalcia)

Question 15

can apocrine metaplasia lead to cancer

Answer 15

No. it causes changes in the cell type in the breast but not cancer

Question 16

What is dysplasia

Answer 16

it is a disorder cellular growth. typically meaning the start of cancer. it is refer to a the proliferation of precancerous cells (CIN)

Question 17

How does dysplasia start?

Answer 17

it happens through the longstanding pathologic hyperplasia or metaplasia

Question 18

Is dysplasia reversible

Answer 18

Yes, if the stress decreases. if the stress continues then it develops into a carcinoma and that is irreversible.

Question 19

What are the 4 adaptations of cellular growth

Answer 19

Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasia.

Question 20

What are the causes of cell injury?

Answer 20

deprivation, physical agent, chemical agents, infectious agents, immunologic reaction, genetics and nutritional imbalance.

Question 21

What are the factors that play into the cell injury

Answer 21

stress, severity and the type of cell being affected.

Question 22

What are the different cell types

Answer 22

Labile
Stable
Permanent

Question 23

What is pathology?

Answer 23

the study of disease. you investigate the cause of disease and the classification of disease. you look at gross pathology and look at the physical and appearance of the specimen.

Question 24

What is etiology?

Answer 24

the origin of a disease. underlying the causes and the modifying factors. Combination of inherited genes and environment triggers.

Question 25

What is Pathogenesis?

Answer 25

it is the mechanism of disease Development. its taking a look at how the factors of etiology change the cells, tissues, organs systems and patients. what are the abnormalities, structure and the function of them.

Question 26

What is a Labile cell and where are they located

Answer 26

continuous divide- unstable. surface epithelia like stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, oral cavity, vagina and cervix. Lining mucosa of the excretory ducts of glands like salivary glands, pancreas and biliary tract. Columnar epithelium of gastrointestinal tract and uterus. transitional epithelium of urinary tract. cells of bone marrow and hematopoietic tissue

Question 27

What are Stable cells and where are they located

Answer 27

Stable cells - Quiescent ( on hold but can go to G1) - seen in liver, kidney and pancreas, fibroblast and smooth muscle and vascular endothelial cells. low level of replication and neigh cycling nor dying

Question 28

What are permanent cells and where are they located

Answer 28

Permanent Cells - non dividing : Cardiac muscle, Skeletal muscle and nerve can’t make new cells and only go through hypertrophy.

Question 29

What is Growth Factor

Answer 29

it is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing and cellular differential. usually a protein or a steroid.

Question 30

How does the Growth Factor work

Answer 30

it binds to specific receptors that deliver signal to the target cells. (tyrosine kinase)

Question 31

What are cyclins

Answer 31

they are a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activation CDK enzymes.

Question 32

What are the different types of atrophy?

Answer 32

disuse, ischemic, denervation, pressure and chemical and physical influences.