Growth Adaptations, Cell Injury, Cell Death

Question 1

hypertrophy

Answer 1

gene activation, protein synthesis and production of organelles

Question 2

hyperplasia

Answer 2

new cells from stem cells

Question 3

decrease in cell number

Answer 3

apoptosis

Question 4

decrease in cell size

Answer 4

ubiquitin-proteosome degradation

Question 5

metaplasia

Answer 5

reprogramming of stem cells

Question 6

dysplasia

Answer 6

disordered cell growth

Question 7

aplasia

Answer 7

failure of cell production during embryogenesis

Question 8

hypoplasia

Answer 8

decrease in cell production

Question 9

high altitude

Answer 9

decreased PAO2

Question 10

hypoventilation

Answer 10

decreased PAO2

Question 11

diffusion defect

Answer 11

decreased PaO2

Question 12

CO poisoning

Answer 12

PaO2 normal, SaO2 decreased

cherry red skin

Question 13

anemia

Answer 13

PaO2 normal, SaO2 normal

Question 14

methemoglobinemia

Answer 14

PaO2 normal, SaO2 decreased

cyanosis

Question 15

the hallmark of reversible injury

Answer 15

swelling

Question 16

the hallmark of irreversible injury

Answer 16

plasma (Ca), mitochondrial (cytochrome c), lysosomal (hydrolytic enzymes) membrane damage

Question 17

low ATP causes

Answer 17

1) Na and H2O build up in cell
2) Ca build up in cytosol
3) lactic acid –> low pH –> denatured protein/DNA

Question 18

the hallmark of cell death is

Answer 18

loss of nucleus

1) pyknosis
2) karyorrhexis
3) karyolysis

Question 19

coagulative necrosis

Answer 19

tissue firm; cell shape and organ structure preserved – no nucleus

ie ischemic infarction

Question 20

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 20

tissue liquefied; enzymatic lysis of cells

ie brain infact, abscess, pancreatitis

Question 21

gangrenous necrosis

Answer 21

mummified tissue

ie ischemia of lower limb & GI tract

Question 22

caseous necrosis

Answer 22

soft; friable tissue; “cottage cheese-like”
coagulative + liquefactive

ie granulomatous inflammation

Question 23

fat necrosis

Answer 23

necrotic adipose tissue w/ chalky-white apperance from Ca

ie fat trauma

Question 24

fibrinois necrosis

Answer 24

necrosis in blood vessel wall

Question 25

apoptosis is mediated by

Answer 25

caspases that activate 1) proteases breakdown cytoskeleton 2) endonucleases breakdown DNA

Question 26

intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

Answer 26

inactivation of Bcl2 --> leak of cytochrome c from innter mitochondria into cytoplasm --> caspases activated

Question 27

extrinsic receptor-ligand pathway

Answer 27

FAS ligand binds to CD95 --> caspases activated | TNF binds to TNF receptor --> caspases activated

Question 28

cytotoxin CD8+ T-cell mediated pathway

Answer 28

1) perforins create pores in membrane | 2) granzymes activated caspase

Question 29

free radicals

Answer 29

O2 --> O2- --> H2O2 --> OH

Question 30

superoxide dismutase

Answer 30

O2- --> H2O2

Question 31

glutathione peroidase

Answer 31

2GSH + free radical --> GS-SG + H2O

Question 32

catalase

Answer 32

H2O2 --> O2 + H2O

Question 33

generation of free radicals

Answer 33

ionizing radiation inflammation metals drugs/chemicals

Question 34

elimination of free radicals

Answer 34

antioxidants enzymes metal carrier proteins

Question 35

free radicals cause cell damage by

Answer 35

peroxidation of lipids oxidation of DNA/proteins ie CCl4, reperfusion injury

Question 36

carbon tetrachloride

Answer 36

dry cleaning chemical p450 of hepatocytes swelling of RER --> ribosomes detach --> impaired protein synthesis --> decreased apolipoproteins --> fatty change in liver

Question 37

primary amyloidosis

Answer 37

systemic deposition of AL amyloid ie plasma cell dyscrasia

Question 38

secondary amyloidosis

Answer 38

systemic deposition of AA amyloid ie chronic inflammation, malignancy, and Familial Mediterranean fever

Question 39

DMT2

Answer 39

amylin deposits in pancreas

Question 40

Alzheimer dz

Answer 40

AB amyloid deposits in brain (gene 21)

Question 41

dialysis-associated

Answer 41

B2 microglobulin in joints

Question 42

medullary carcinoma

Answer 42

calcitonin amyloid

Question 43

senile cardiac amyloidosis

Answer 43

non-mutated serum transthyretin deposits in heart

Question 44

familial amyloid cardiomyopathy

Answer 44

mutated serum transthyretin deposits in heart --> restrictive cardiomyopathy