Growth and development Flashcards

Question

🚩 **What is the developmental age of a child who rolls back to front, uses a pincer grasp, responds to “no,” and bangs two cubes** ⁉️

Answer 1

✅ **Around 8 months** ##footnote 💡 These are all expected developmental milestones by 8 months.

Answer 2

✅ **Chromosomal microarray (CMA)** ##footnote 💡 Genetic testing identifies abnormalities in ~10–15% of cases and is routine.

Answer 3

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Metabolic workup is indicated only if symptoms like regression, seizures, or hypotonia are present.

Answer 4

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 MRI is reserved for cases with microcephaly, regression, or focal neurologic signs.

Answer 5

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 EEG is used only when seizures or regression are present.

Answer 6

✅ **Smiling in response to a human face or voice** ##footnote 💡 This social-emotional milestone begins at around 1.5 months.

Answer 7

✅ **Between 6 and 8 months** ##footnote 💡 This is a protective motor reflex that helps break a fall.

Answer 8

✅ **Normal for his age** ##footnote 💡 These skills reflect normal gross motor, fine motor, language, and social development at 2 years.

Answer 9

✅ **Running, jumping, climbing stairs one step at a time, opening doors, and climbing on furniture** ##footnote 💡 These actions demonstrate **typical large-muscle control in toddlers** .

Answer 10

✅ **Building a 7-cube tower and scribbling in a circular pattern** ##footnote 💡 These reflect improving **hand coordination and dexterity** .

Answer 11

✅ **Speaking 2–3-word sentences and putting 3 words together** ##footnote 💡 This shows developing expressive language appropriate for age.

Answer 12

✅ **Eating with a spoon, helping to undress, telling about experiences, and listening to picture stories** ##footnote 💡 These behaviors reflect emerging independence and social interaction.

Answer 13

✅ **Reassure parents and observe** ##footnote 💡 This is typical infant colic, which is self-limited and resolves by 3 months. Support and education are key.

Answer 14

✅ **Crying for ≥3 hours/day, ≥3 days/week, for ≥3 weeks, starting ~3rd week of life** ##footnote 💡 Crying typically peaks at 6 weeks and resolves by 3 months.

Answer 15

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 There is no proven benefit of soy or lactose-free formulas in typical colic without allergy history.

Answer 16

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Spitting up is common and not a sign of pathologic reflux in a thriving infant.

Answer 17

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Sepsis workup is only indicated in neonates presenting with fever or systemic illness signs.

Answer 18

✅ **Shaken baby syndrome** ##footnote 💡 The emotional distress from persistent colic can lead to frustration in caregivers, increasing the risk of abusive head trauma.

Answer 19

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Autism typically becomes evident after the first year of life and is not caused by colic.

Answer 20

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 GER and colic can share symptoms like fussiness, but they are distinct conditions. **Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion.**

Answer 21

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Infants with colic usually maintain normal feeding and growth patterns. In this case, weight gain is appropriate.

Answer 22

✅ **Conners test** ##footnote 💡 ADHD is diagnosed using behavioral rating scales like the **Conners or Vanderbilt scale, completed by observers in at least two settings.**

Answer 23

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 TOVA is a **supplementary tool** that assesses attention but cannot confirm a diagnosis of ADHD.

Answer 24

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 EEG is not part of standard ADHD assessment unless **seizure activity or atypical neurologic signs are present.**

Answer 25

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 While subtle MRI findings may be seen in ADHD, **diagnosis remains clinical** , based on history and behavior ratings.

Answer 26

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Fundus examination is not part of ADHD workup and is only relevant if **neurologic or visual symptoms are present.**

Answer 27

✅ **Inability to sit without support** ##footnote 💡 By 10 months, infants are expected to sit upright with a straight back; failure indicates **gross motor delay.**

Answer 28

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Lack of smiling at 2 months is a **social or emotional delay** , not a motor delay — physiotherapy is not appropriate.

Answer 29

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Transferring objects is a fine motor skill expected around **5.5–7 months, not 3 months** — no delay yet.

Answer 30

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Walking (even with support) is typically expected around **12 months** — no concern at 11 months.

Answer 31

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Independent standing is **not expected** at 7 months. At this age, the baby should only support weight when held upright.

Answer 32

✅ **Audiogram** ##footnote 💡 An audiogram is the primary tool to assess hearing sensitivity and detect hearing deficits in children with delayed speech.

Answer 33

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Hearing assessment must come first** — speech therapy is not effective if hearing loss is the underlying cause.

Answer 34

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 MRI may be used later for structural evaluation, but **audiogram is the first-line test** .

Answer 35

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 EEG is used for seizure evaluation, not hearing or language development issues.

Answer 36

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 CT is reserved for anatomical concerns after **functional hearing tests** like audiogram are performed.

Answer 37

✅ **Maternal HIV infection** ##footnote 💡 In developed countries like Israel, HIV is a contraindication to breastfeeding due to the risk of vertical transmission, even with antiretroviral therapy.

Answer 38

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Breastfeeding is **allowed** in HCV-positive mothers unless there is bleeding from the nipple.

Answer 39

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 After **2 weeks of effective TB therapy** ,breastfeeding can safely resume.

Answer 40

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Breastfeeding is safe unless **herpetic lesions are present on the breast** .

Answer 41

✅ **Testicular enlargement** ##footnote 💡 Puberty in boys typically begins with testicular growth and scrotal thinning around age 11–12.

Answer 42

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Menarche usually occurs **about 2–3 years after thelarche (breast development).**

Answer 43

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Axillary hair appears **mid-puberty** ,not at the beginning.

Answer 44

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Voice changes occur **later in male puberty** , after testicular and penile growth.

Answer 45

✅ Tonic neck reflex (fencing reflex) ##footnote 💡 This reflex is **present at birth** and **disappears around 4 months of age.**

Answer 46

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 This reflex is **normal in newborns** and should **disappear by 4–5 months** . Persistence beyond that may indicate developmental delay.

Answer 47

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 The tonic neck reflex is a **normal primitive reflex** ,not a sign of peripheral nerve damage.

Answer 48

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 In healthy infants, this is a **normal primitive reflex** and not pathological.

Answer 49

✅ **Non-organic cause** ##footnote 💡 **Insufficient intake** is the most common cause of growth faltering, often due to **psychosocial or environmental factors rather than medical disease.**

Answer 50

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Celiac disease typically presents **after gluten exposure** , usually after 6–9 months, and often with diarrhea or bloating.

Answer 51

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Metabolic disorders usually present with additional signs like **lethargy, acidosis, or organomegaly.**

Answer 52

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 TB would typically cause **fever, chronic cough, lymphadenopathy, or other systemic features.**

Answer 53

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Endocrine causes like hypothyroidism often present with **hypotonia, constipation, or delayed milestones** , which are absent here.

Answer 54

✅ **No** ##footnote 📏 Infants grow about **25 cm in the first year** , but **height doubles by 4 years** ,not by 1 year.

Answer 55

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Birth weight **triples by 12 months** , not earlier.

Answer 56

✅ **No** ##footnote 🧠 Head circumference increases by **2 cm/month only in the first 3 months** , then slows to about **1 cm/month** .

Answer 57

✅ **No** ##footnote ⚠️ A **5–10% weight loss** is normal **only in the first few days** . By **7–10 days** , the infant should regain birth weight.

Answer 58

✅ **True** ##footnote 💡 Infants typically **double their birth weight by 4–5 months** and **triple it by 12 months** .

Answer 59

✅ **Sweat test** ##footnote 💡 The sweat test is the gold standard for diagnosing **cystic fibrosis** , a condition that causes both pulmonary and pancreatic manifestations in children.

Answer 60

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 CBC may show inflammation but **does not confirm cystic fibrosis** or explain multisystem involvement.

Answer 61

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Stool cultures detect **infections** , but this case suggests a **chronic, inherited disorder** , not an acute infection.

Answer 62

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Celiac disease can cause GI symptoms and FTT, but **not chronic respiratory disease** .

Answer 63

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Stool calprotectin detects **intestinal inflammation** , not pancreatic insufficiency or CF.

Answer 64

✅ **Breast bud development (thelarche)** ##footnote 💡 In females, **breast buds** typically appear between ages **10–11** , but **age 9 is still within the lower normal limit** .

Answer 65

✅ **No** ##footnote ⚠️ Testicular enlargement before age 9 in boys is considered **precocious puberty** .

Answer 66

✅ **No** ##footnote ⚠️ Pubarche before age **8** in girls is classified as **precocious puberty** .

Answer 67

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Axillary hair appears **mid-puberty**, typically **after age 11** in boys.

Answer 68

✅ **No** ##footnote ⚠️ Genital hair (pubarche) normally appears **around 11–12 years** in boys; **age 9 is early** .

Answer 69

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Pelvic X-ray is used when **skeletal or orthopedic abnormalities** are suspected, not for global developmental delay.

Answer 70

✅ **Refer to a child developmental center** ##footnote 💡 Inability to walk by 18 months in boys or delayed sitting beyond 12 months are indications for developmental referral.

Answer 71

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Genetic referral is considered **after specialist evaluation** confirms or suspects a genetic condition.

Answer 72

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Pelvic ultrasound is used for **developmental dysplasia of the hip** , which presents **much earlier in infancy** .

Answer 73

✅ **Sleep lab evaluation (polysomnography)** ##footnote 💡 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) should be ruled out, especially in children with **tonsillar hypertrophy** and **behavioral changes**.

Answer 74

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 The child has no signs of **acute bacterial pharyngitis** (fever, sore throat, exudates), so strep testing is not warranted.

Answer 75

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 ADHD and learning issues must be evaluated **after ruling out medical causes like OSA.**

Answer 76

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 A psychiatric disorder is **less likely** given physical findings suggestive of **OSA**.

Answer 77

✅ **Parachute reflex** ##footnote 💡 The parachute reflex appears at **7–8 months of age** and persists throughout life. It is not present in neonates.

Answer 78

✅ **Yes** ##footnote 💡 Rooting appears by **32 weeks gestation** and helps guide the infant toward the breast.

Answer 79

✅ **Yes** ##footnote 💡 Palmar grasp begins at **28 weeks gestation and disappears by 2–3 months of age**.

Answer 80

✅ **Yes** 💡 Sucking is a **primitive reflex** present at birth and essential for early feeding.

Answer 81

✅ **Yes** ##footnote 💡 The Moro reflex is a **startle response **present at birth and disappears by **5–6 months**.

Answer 82

✅ **Child abuse** ##footnote 💡 Posterior rib fractures in infants are highly suspicious for non-accidental trauma, especially when the child is not independently mobile and the history is inconsistent with injury.

Answer 83

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Rib fractures from coughing are extremely rare in infants due to their flexible rib cage — this is more typical in adults.

Answer 84

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Falls from a standing position rarely produce rib fractures in infants — such fractures require significant force.

Answer 85

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Vitamin D deficiency (rickets) presents with **bone deformities** , not isolated rib fractures with no clinical signs of rickets.

Answer 86

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Aspiration may cause respiratory distress but **does not explain rib fractures** on imaging.

Answer 87

✅ **3 months** ##footnote 💡 At 3 months, babies typically display **social smiling, hand-to-midline movement** , and a **dominant tonic neck reflex** , but **do not yet roll over** .

Answer 88

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 By 5 months, babies usually **lose the tonic neck reflex** and begin **rolling over** .

Answer 89

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Midline hand movement** typically appears at **3 months** , not 2.

Answer 90

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 By 7 months, babies are expected to **roll over easily** , and **tonic neck reflex** should be absent.

Answer 91

✅ **Calming the parents** ##footnote 💡 This is classic **infantile colic** per the “rule of 3” (≥3 hrs/day, ≥3 days/week, >3 weeks). Management includes **parental reassurance and support**.

Answer 92

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Switching to **lactose-free or soy formula** is not effective for typical colic unless there’s proven intolerance or allergy.

Answer 93

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Eye exams are reserved for **acute, uncontrollable crying** with concern for corneal injury or trauma — not for typical colic.

Answer 94

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Limb X-rays are used to **exclude occult fractures** in cases of suspected injury or child abuse, not for colic with normal exam.

Answer 95

✅ An infant with galactosemia ##footnote 💡 **Galactosemia** is a rare metabolic disorder where the infant cannot metabolize galactose, making breastfeeding (which contains lactose = glucose + galactose) **strictly contraindicated** .

Answer 96

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 In **resource-limited settings** , breastfeeding may still be recommended despite HIV due to lack of clean water and risk of malnutrition or infection from formula feeding.

Answer 97

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Hepatitis C **is not transmitted through breast milk** ; breastfeeding is allowed unless there’s **cracked or bleeding nipples** .

Answer 98

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Syphilis is not transmitted through breast milk** , and treatment does not preclude breastfeeding.

Answer 99

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Mastitis is **not a contraindication** unless there is a **breast abscess** or signs of systemic infection requiring drainage.

Answer 100

✅ **Vocal tics** ##footnote 💡 **Simple vocal tics** include repetitive, involuntary noises like sniffing or throat clearing and are a type of **persistent tic disorder** when motor tics are absent.

Answer 101

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 ADHD may cause fidgeting or impulsivity, but **repetitive** , **stereotyped vocal sounds** point to **tic disorder** , not ADHD.

Answer 102

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Tourette syndrome** requires both **motor and vocal tics** (not necessarily at the same time).

Answer 103

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Chorea minor** presents with **abrupt, non-repetitive**, **jerky movements** , not vocal tics.

Answer 104

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Anxiety may **exacerbate tics** , but **isolated vocal tics** are better explained by a **tic disorder** .

Answer 105

✅ **Hypothyroidism** ##footnote 💡 **Congenital hypothyroidism** delays bone growth and skull ossification, resulting in a **large, persistent anterior fontanel** .

Answer 106

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Vitamin E deficiency** typically causes **neurological symptoms** (e.g., ataxia), not skeletal abnormalities like enlarged fontanels.

Answer 107

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **CAH** presents with **salt-wasting, ambiguous genitalia, or virilization** , not cranial fontanel abnormalities.

Answer 108

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 While hyperparathyroidism may cause **skeletal demineralization** , it is not a typical cause of a **large anterior fontanel** .

Answer 109

✅ **Sleep with a positive pressure noninvasive nasal ventilation (CPAP)** ##footnote 💡 When OSA persists after surgery, **CPAP therapy** is the recommended next step to maintain airway patency during sleep.

Answer 110

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Oral steroids are **not standard** treatment for pediatric OSA and are not preferred due to systemic side effects.

Answer 111

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Intranasal steroids are considered for **mild residual symptoms** , **not severe persistent OSA** .

Answer 112

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Bronchodilators are used for **lower airway diseases** like asthma, not for **upper airway obstruction** like OSA.

Answer 113

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Oxygen alone **does not treat airway obstruction** and may mask apnea severity without resolving the underlying problem.

Answer 114

✅ **Build a tower of 6 cubes** ##footnote 💡 At age 2, toddlers can typically **build a 6–7 cube tower, scribble** , and perform **simple fine motor tasks** .

Answer 115

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Tricycle riding** is usually achieved at **age 3** , not at age 2.

Answer 116

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Jumping on one leg** is a skill typically achieved by **4 years of age** .

Answer 117

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 The ability to **stand on one leg** typically develops around **3 years of age** .

Answer 118

✅ **24 months (2 years)** ##footnote 💡 By age 2, toddlers can follow **2-step verbal commands** , combine **3 words in speech** , and perform several **age-appropriate motor and social milestones** .

Answer 119

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 At 10 months, a child may follow **1-step commands without gestures** , but not yet 2-step instructions.

Answer 120

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Most children say their **first real word by 12 months** , not 2 years.

Answer 121

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 At 18 months, children usually say **10 words** , name a picture, and recognize body parts — 2-step comprehension comes later.

Answer 122

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 The **expected age** for following 2-step instructions is around **24 months** in most children.

Answer 123

✅ **Temperature** ##footnote 💡 A **body temperature below 36.1°C** is a clinical indication for **hospital admission** in anorexia nervosa due to risk of **hypothermia and systemic instability** .

Answer 124

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Hypoglycemia** is concerning, but **70 mg/dL is within normal range** and does not warrant admission alone.

Answer 125

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 While **<60 bpm** is a threshold for concern, **exactly 60 bpm is borderline** and not itself an indication unless bradycardia worsens.

Answer 126

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 This potassium level is **normal** . Hypokalemia requiring admission is typically **<3.0–3.2 mg/dL** .

Answer 127

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Age is **not a hospitalization criterion** by itself. Clinical status and risk factors are what determine need for inpatient care.

Answer 128

✅ **The symptoms must not be better explained by global developmental delay** ##footnote 💡 A diagnosis of ASD requires that social and behavioral impairments **cannot be fully accounted for** by general cognitive delay or intellectual disability.

Answer 129

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 ASD symptoms must be present in the **early developmental period** , but **there is no minimum age for diagnosis** .

Answer 130

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **There is no diagnostic biomarker** for ASD; diagnosis is based on **behavioral observation and developmental history** .

Answer 131

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Motor delays may be present but are **not part of the diagnostic criteria** for ASD.

Answer 132

✅ **Vitamin D deficiency** ##footnote 💡 **Rickets** due to vitamin D deficiency causes **rachitic rosary** , which is the palpable and radiographic prominence of the costochondral junctions.

Answer 133

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 While **scorbutic rosary** can be felt on palpation in scurvy, it is **not typically visible radiographically** .

Answer 134

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Iron deficiency** causes anemia and fatigue, not **bony deformities** seen on imaging.

Answer 135

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Zinc deficiency presents with **growth retardation, diarrhea, dermatitis** , but not **rachitic rosary** or radiographic bone changes.

Answer 136

✅ **Psycho-social condition** ##footnote 💡 **Non-illness-related causes** , such as poor feeding practices, food insecurity, or caregiver-related factors, are the most common reasons for **pediatric malnutrition and failure to thrive** .

Answer 137

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Cow’s milk allergy** usually causes **GI symptoms** like vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal bloating — none are present here.

Answer 138

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Celiac disease** typically presents after **gluten introduction** with symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal distension — not suggested here.

Answer 139

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 Pulmonary causes are **less common** and usually present with **wheezing, cough, or recurrent infections** .

Answer 140

✅ **No** ##footnote 💡 **Endocrine causes** are rare in infancy and more likely in **older children with linear growth failure** , not isolated weight drop.

Answer 141

✅ **Growing pains** ##footnote 💡 Growth pain is common in children, often in the **shins or knees** , mostly **evening/night** , with **normal physical exam and labs** . No treatment is needed beyond reassurance or stretching.

Answer 142

✅ **No red flags like fever, weight loss, pallor, or limp** ##footnote 💡 Leukemia may cause bone pain but is usually associated with **systemic signs** (e.g. bruising, fatigue, hepatosplenomegaly). Normal exam here makes it unlikely.

Answer 143

✅ **Fibromyalgia typically presents in adolescents, not young children** ##footnote 💡 Fibromyalgia involves **diffuse pain, fatigue, sleep issues, and tender points** on exam — not present in this case.

Answer 144

✅ **No joint laxity was found** ##footnote 💡 Hypermobility-related pain requires **joint hyperlaxity on exam** ; this child’s exam is **normal** .

Answer 145

✅ **CFS requires chronic fatigue impairing function** ##footnote 💡 CFS typically affects **older children/adolescents** with **prolonged fatigue** , not isolated limb pain in an otherwise active child.

Answer 146

✅ **Avoid watching screens before bed** ##footnote 💡 Excessive screen time worsens **sleep quality** , delays **melatonin secretion**, and reinforces **social withdrawal** in children with suspected developmental delay.

Answer 147

✅ **Ritalin (methylphenidate) is a stimulant, and may worsen insomnia** ##footnote 💡 It is used for **ADHD** , not indicated here without clear signs of hyperactivity or inattention.

Answer 148

✅ **It is good general advice but not central to the sleep/social behavior issues here** ##footnote 💡 The core problem lies in **screen addiction and social dysfunction** , not diet.

Answer 149

✅ **Can say 2–3 words besides “mama” and “dada”** ##footnote 💡 At 1 year, children begin to express themselves verbally with a few additional words beyond “mama” and “dada.” This is a **key language milestone at this age** .

Answer 150

✅ **Counting objects typically begins around 36 months** ##footnote 💡 It involves more advanced **cognitive and numerical concepts** not expected at 12 months.

Answer 151

✅ **Most infants achieve this around 10 months** ##footnote 💡 A 1-year-old should already be able to **stand with support or independently** .

Answer 152

✅ **Stacking 3 cubes is usually achieved by 15 months** ##footnote 💡 This reflects more refined **fine motor and coordination skills** .

Answer 153

✅ **Smiling in response to faces and voices** ##footnote 💡 This is called a **social smile** , and it typically appears around **1.5 to 2 months of age** .

Answer 154

✅ **This pincer grasp develops at 10 months** ##footnote 💡 It reflects **fine motor precision** that emerges much later in infancy.

Answer 155

✅ **Appears around 7 months, based on tone recognition** ##footnote 💡 It’s an early form of receptive communication, not yet developed by 3.5 months.

Answer 156

✅ **Normally achieved around 5.5 months** ##footnote 💡 Requires **bimanual coordination** that’s not yet mature at 3.5 months.

Answer 157

✅ **Occurs around 6 months of age** ##footnote 💡 Earlier vocalizations include cooing, not structured syllables.

Answer 158

✅ **Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)** ##footnote 🧠 Key features: • Urge to move legs • Symptoms worse at night and at rest • Relief with movement • Poor sleep ➡️ daytime fatigue

Answer 159

✅ **Iron supplementation** ##footnote 💡 RLS is linked to **low serum iron** levels even when hemoglobin is normal.

Answer 160

✅ **Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets or osteomalacia, not RLS** ##footnote 💡 No link to the sensorimotor symptoms of RLS.

Answer 161

✅ **Hypocalcemia leads to tetany or seizures, not RLS** ##footnote 💡 Symptoms are distinct and unrelated to iron pathways.

Answer 162

✅ **Zinc deficiency causes growth delay, dermatitis, diarrhea, not leg discomfort at night** ##footnote 💡 No evidence of benefit for RLS.

Answer 163

✅ **Migraine** ##footnote 💡 Studies suggest a possible link between early colic and later development of migraine.

Answer 164

✅ **Crying >3 hours/day, >3 days/week, for >3 weeks** ##footnote 🧠 Typically begins at 2–3 weeks of age and resolves by 3–4 months.

Answer 165

✅ **None of them are established complications** ##footnote 💡 Only **migraine** has been associated in long-term studies.

Answer 166

✅ **By 12 months (1 year), a baby should be able to speak 1–2 real words** . ##footnote 💡 This is a key language milestone and often includes “mama” or “dada” used with intent.

Answer 167

➡️ **Insufficient vocabulary** (uses only 3 words) ✅ At 18 months, toddlers are expected to use around **10 words** , name pictures, and identify body parts. 🧠 Other behaviors (walking with hand held, drawing vertical line, building 4-cube tower) are **normal** at this age.

Answer 168

➡️ **Behavioral and supportive treatment** ##footnote ✅ Rumination disorder is a **psycho-behavioral condition** often triggered by stress (e.g., parental separation). ❌ Not due to GERD, vomiting disorders, or physical GI pathology. 💡 First-line approach includes behavioral reinforcement, minimizing attention to rumination, diaphragmatic breathing, and family support.

Answer 169

➡️ **At 2 months** ##footnote ✅ By 2 months, infants can follow moving objects through 180 degrees. 👶🏼 At 1 month: begins to watch people and follow a moving object. 📍 Tracking develops rapidly in the early postnatal period and reflects visual maturation.

Answer 170

➡️ **Normal development for his age** ##footnote ✅ At 24 months, typical milestones include: 🔹 Climbing stairs 🔹 Tower of 7 cubes 🔹 Eating with a spoon 🔹 Speaking in 2–4 word phrases 🧠 These are all expected achievements for this age group.

Answer 171

➡️ **Phenylketonuria** (PKU) ##footnote 🧠 Infants with PKU lack phenylalanine hydroxylase ➡️ cannot metabolize phenylalanine in breastmilk. 🔻This can cause toxic accumulation and neurological damage.

Growth and development Flashcards

(195 cards)