Growth and Development

Question 1

What is growth?

Answer 1

• growth is an increase in physical size
• predictable and symmetrical pattern
• measurable
• and you continue to grow for approximately 20 years

Question 2

What is Development?

Answer 2

• represents an increase in skills needed to function
• usually results in achievement of increasingly complex tasks
• predictable pattern
• continues through the life span

Question 3

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal

Answer 3

head to tail

midline to outside

Question 4

What are the infant growth trends?

Answer 4

• in the first 6 months infants grow: 1.5 lbs/month and 1 inch/month
• in the last 6 months infants grow: 3/4 lb/month and 0.5 inch/month
• double the birthweight in 6 months
• triple birthweight in 1 year

Question 5

Infant Fontanel posterior

Answer 5

small- occipital closes by two months

Question 6

infant fontanel anterior

Answer 6

diamond shape- large frontal. closes by 12-18 months

Question 7

when do we measure an infants head circumference?

Answer 7

under 2 years

Question 8

What are the infant gross motor milestones?

Answer 8

5 mo-head lag gone and rolls abdomen to back
6 mo- sits with support and rolls back to abdomen
7 mo- sits alone, leaning forward on hands
8 mo- sits without support
10 mo- maneuver from prone to sitting
9 mo- crawls
10 mo- creeps pulls to stand
11 mo- cruises
12 mo- first steps

Question 9

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 9

• birth to 12 months
• relationship with primary caregiver
• meet basic needs
• need for non-nutritive sucking
• positive resolution achieved through consistency of care from caregivers

Question 10

Temperament

Answer 10

• General Behavioral style- the how of behavior

- nature vs. Nurture

Question 11

sensorimotor

Answer 11

• Birth-18 month
• moves from being primarily reflexive to voluntary response
• recognize cause and effect
• distinguishes parent as separate from self

Question 12

Nutrition for infant

Answer 12

• breast milk alone for the first 6 months
• need source of iron at 6 months
• weaning
• whole milk

Question 13

Introducing solids for infants

Answer 13

• introduce one at a time

- no infa-feeders

Question 14

foods to avoid for infants

Answer 14

honey
peanuts
egg whites

Question 15

infant sleep

Answer 15

• avoid placing in adult bed

- sleeping through the night is variable- dont re-enforce undesirable responses

Question 16

non-nutritive sucking

Answer 16

• pacifiers/fingers sucking

- wean from pacifier after 6 months to avoid increase risk of otitis

Question 17

infant motor development

Answer 17

• tummy time
• play time on floor
• avoid use of walkers too early b/c not enough back support
• no walkers with wheels

Question 18

Car seat safety

Answer 18

• rear facing for the first year and 20 lbs
• middle backseat
• no air bags
• secure as directed and get them tight

Question 19

Toddler growth

Answer 19

• birth weight quadruples by 2.5 yrs

- by age 2 yrs, height is 505 of eventual adult height

Question 20

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Answer 20

13 month-36 months

-I am a separate being from you

Question 21

what are characteristics of autonomy vs. Shame & doubt

Answer 21

• negativistic
• ritualistic
• socially: parallel play, does not like strangers or sharing
• motor: run, clumsy
• language: multi word sentences
• positive resolution: self control w/o loss of self-esteem

Question 22

Sensorimotor (12-18 mo)/ Pre-Operations (18-36mo)

Answer 22

-Tranductive reasoning: a dog has 4 legs therefore all 4 legged animals are dogs
-Irreversibility of actions: cant think it through
Not logical
-animism. engage in fantasy

Question 23

Toilet Training

Answer 23

• motor & cognitive development ready by 24 mo
• must understand what you want them to do
• appropriate clothing
• preferred toilet
• positive reinforcement only

Question 24

Toddler Discipline

Answer 24

• set limits and do not change your mind
• variety is key
• a minute is forever

Question 25

preschool growth

Answer 25

- weight- yearly gain around 2-3 kg (4.5-6.5 lbs) | - height- yearly gain of 5-7.5 cm)

Question 26

Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 26

3-5 years - need to achieve - trying is everything - very social - positive resolution: learning the degree to which assertiveness & purpose influence the environment. Developing conscience

Question 27

Preschool Psychosocial Development

Answer 27

- proficient language: literal - talk incessantly - ask "why?" - Curious - rapid growing vocab & attempt to use may stutter

Question 28

Preschool cognitive development preoperations

Answer 28

- pre-logical. They sound logical at times but the realization is not there - animism - imaginary friends - cant separate fact and fantasy - limited body boundaries

Question 29

preschool safety

Answer 29

- strangers - safe touches - burns - bicylces - drowning - MVAs: under 4 and 40 lbs need child seat, 4-8 booster seat less than 80 lbs or 4'9

Question 30

School age growth

Answer 30

- weight- yearly gain 2-3 kg (4.5-6.5 lbs) | - height- yearly gain of 5 cm

Question 31

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 31

6-12 years - well coordinated - succeeding in school and self esteem - competent & competitive - social - peers importance and parent importance - positive resolution: develops a sense of competence and perseverance

Question 32

School age cognitive development Concrete operations

Answer 32

- logical - can think things through - deal best with something they have had previous experience - thought processes less self-centered - want to participate in their own care

Question 33

Adolescent Growth

Answer 33

Pubertal Growth Spurt - females 10-14 yrs: - mean weight gain of 17.5 kg (38 1/3 lbs) - height 2-10" - approximately 95% of mature height is achieved by onset of menarche - Males 11-16 years - mean gain 33.5 kg (15 1/4 lbs) - height gain of 4-12" - 95% of mature height by 16 years

Question 34

Sexual maturation

Answer 34

- secondary sexual characteristics develop during puberty - occurs in predictable sequence - time of onset and rate of progression varies from child to child

Question 35

Tanner staging Female

Answer 35

stage 1: no signs of breast changes or pubic hair stage 2: small breast buds with enlargement of the areola & dark, straight pubic hair stage 3: increase of breast & areola areas; coarse, curly pubic hair stage 4: secondary mound occurs in the breast at the areola, pubic hair is adult like stage 5: breast buds now mature, pubic hair adult like

Question 36

Tanner staging Male

Answer 36

stage 1: no pubic hair or changes in genitalia stage 2: initial enlargement of the scrotum &testicles, reddening & textural change in scrotum, fine, straight hair at base of penis stage 3: further enlargement of penis with continued changes in scrotum, pubic hair darker & coarser & extends across pubis stage 4: penis continues to grow in diameter with development of glans larger & broader, hair curly & more abundant, scrotum darker stage 5: adult appearance

Question 37

Identity vs, Role Diffusion

Answer 37

13-18 years - consider the adolescent in 3 sub stages- early (13-14), middle (15-16), & late (17-18) - growth- pubertal changes - peers become priority - positive resolution: coherent sense of self & the ability to actualize ones abilities

Question 38

Adolescents

Answer 38

- pre-occupied with appearance-body image - thinks they are the focus of attention - this pre-occupation with self may also include being indestructible

Question 39

Adolescent cognitive development Formal Operations

Answer 39

- ability to abstract - can consider situations with which they have never had experience - idealistic