growth and development (dr. mercado)

Question 1

What is interstitial growth?

Answer 1

growth inside of the tissues

Question 2

interstitial and appositional growth is a combo of ___________, ___________ and ___________.

Answer 2

hyperplasia, hypertrophy, secretion of ECM

Question 3

What type of growth occurs at ALL points within the tissue?

Answer 3

interstitial

Question 4

the cranial base is formed by _________ growth.

Answer 4

interstitial

Question 5

if the extracellular matrix is NOT mineralized, ___________ growth may continue in soft tissues and cartilages.

Answer 5

interstitial

Question 6

which type of growth only occurs at the surface of bones?

Answer 6

appositional

Question 7

what are two examples of interstitial growth?

Answer 7

all soft tissues, cartilage

Question 8

appositional means____________.

Answer 8

addition to surfaces

Question 9

what are examples of appositional growth?

Answer 9

bony surfaces of cranial vault, maxilla and mandible

Question 10

which type of growth occurs via cells of the periosteum?

Answer 10

appositional

Question 11

when the secreted ECM is mineralized, what is formed?

Answer 11

bone

Question 12

can interstitial growth occur within bone?

Answer 12

NO

Question 13

what is endochondral growth?

Answer 13

bone growth within cartilage, cartilage transformed into bone

Question 14

during endochondral bone growth, where are the ossification centers?

Answer 14

within cartilage

Question 15

what are two examples of endochondral bone growth?

Answer 15

chondrocranium (ethmoid, sphenoid, and basioccipital bones), epiphyseal plate of long bones

Question 16

what is intramembranous growth?

Answer 16

secretion of bone matrix within or between connective tissue membranes

Question 17

what type of bone growth does NOT have a cartilage intermediate and does NOT replace cartilage?

Answer 17

intramembranous

Question 18

what is an example of intramembranous growth?

Answer 18

desmocranium (cranial vault, maxilla and mandible)

Question 19

in relation to Meckel’s cartilage, where does intramembranous formation of bone occur?

Answer 19

just lateral to it

Question 20

what kind of cartilage does condylar cartilage arise from?

Answer 20

independent secondary cartilage

Question 21

which type of remodeling changes the shape of bone?

Answer 21

surface remodeling

Question 22

which type of remodeling allows bone to adapt to mechanical stress?

Answer 22

internal remodeling

Question 23

which type of remodeling allows for calcium and phosphate exchange?

Answer 23

internal

Question 24

T/F: surface remodeling occurs at the surfaces of growing endochondral AND intramembranous bone.

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

T/F: internal remodeling results in resorption in one area and apposition in the other.

Answer 25

FALSE, appositional

Question 26

when vascular channels within bones bring ostercytes to the area, ___________ remodeling is occurring.

Answer 26

internal

Question 27

growth site of craniofacial complex

Answer 27

cranial base, cranial vault, nasomaxillary complex, mandible

Question 28

syndochondroses of the cranial base are __________ joints .

Answer 28

cartilaginous

Question 29

____________ growth at the sydochondroses results in cranial base lengthening.

Answer 29

endochondral

Question 30

the enlargement of the sphenoid bone is due to _________ remodeling.

Answer 30

surface

Question 31

the thre most important synchondrosis are ....

Answer 31

spheno-ethmoid, inter-sphenoidal and spheno-occipital

Question 32

direct ossification occurs in _________.

Answer 32

sutures

Question 33

re-active (secondary growth) occurs in _________.

Answer 33

sutures

Question 34

active (primary growth) occurs in____.

Answer 34

synchondrosis

Question 35

the nasomaxillary complex is formed entirely through __________ ossification.

Answer 35

intramembranous

Question 36

nasomaxillary growth occurs by ______ and _______.

Answer 36

apposition, surface remodeling

Question 37

the maxilla translates ______ and _______ away from the cranial base during growth.

Answer 37

down and forward

Question 38

what elongates the maxilla during growth?

Answer 38

apposition at circum-maxillary sutures

Question 39

while bone is being resorbed at the __________, apposition occurs at the _______ and _______. this causes palate to move mostly downward and widen transversely.

Answer 39

floor of the nose, palate and alveolar process

Question 40

maxillary apposition of bone occurs at the _____________.

Answer 40

maxillary tuberosity

Question 41

which surface (anterior or posterior) surface of the maxilla is resorbed?

Answer 41

anterior

Question 42

EXECPT at ________, the mandible grows via surface apposition and remodeling

Answer 42

condylar cartilage, which grows by endochondral growth

Question 43

mandible translates _____ and _____ away from cranial base.

Answer 43

down and forward

Question 44

what are the two principle growth sites of the mandible?

Answer 44

posterior surface of ramus, condylar and coronoid processes

Question 45

surface remodeling of the mandible allows the body to grow ________ and the ramus to grow_________.

Answer 45

longer, higher

Question 46

surface remodeling of the mandible allows more room in the mandible for ____________.

Answer 46

molars to erupt

Question 47

what is a growth site?

Answer 47

a location where growth occurs

Question 48

what is a growth center?

Answer 48

a location where INDEPENDENT growth occurs

Question 49

What are the major points and conclusion of the suture theory?

Answer 49

all tissues that form bone have intrinsic potential to do so, growth centers genetically controlled; sutures and periosteum are growth sites. sutures react rather than act independently. NO evidence for this theory

Question 50

what are the major points and conclusion of cartilage theory?

Answer 50

all cartilages are growth centers (i.e. cartilage in mandibular condyle controls growth of mandible); cranial base synchondroses and nasal septum act s independent growth centers pushing maxilla forward, mandibular condyle is merely growth site. PARTLY supported with evidence

Question 51

major points of functional matrix theory

Answer 51

heredity and genes play NO role, face growth occurs based on fxnl needs mediated by soft tissues, ALL tissues that form bone are growth sites (microcephaly vs. hydrocephaly). PARTLY supported with evidence

Question 52

fxnl matrix theory clinical applications

Answer 52

mandibular ankylosis, rapid maxillary expansion, distraction osteogenesis

Question 53

growth of ______ is a response to growth of brain. what are growth sites?

Answer 53

cranium, sutures and periosteum

Question 54

growth of _______ is a result of endochondral growth at synchondroses. what is growth center?

Answer 54

cranial base, synchondroses

Question 55

growth of _______ is primarily a result of apposition and remodeling as the is translated by soft tissues. what are growth sites?

Answer 55

maxilla, sutures and periosteum

Question 56

growth of _________ may result from endochondral growth at nasal septum cartilage (growth center)

Answer 56

maxilla

Question 57

growth of ________ occurs by endochondral growth at condyle and surface remodeling of bone is translated by soft tissues. what are growth sites?

Answer 57

mandible, condyle and periosteum

Question 58

What does Scammon's growth curve show us?

Answer 58

different tissue system of the body grow at different rates