Growth and developmentinfant – Toddler – preschooler – school-age – adolescent Flashcards

Question

How does nasal passages of newborns compare to adults?

Answer 1

Nasal passages are narrower

Answer 2

Trachea and chest wall are more compliant

Answer 3

Bronchi and bronchioles are shorter and narrower

Answer 4

Significantly fewer alveoli

Answer 5

Heart doubles in size in the first year

Answer 6

Average pulse rate decreases from 120 to 140 in the newborn to about 100 in the 1 year old

Answer 7

Blood pressure steadily increases, from an average of 60/40 in the newborn to 100/50 in the 12 month old

Answer 8

Peripheral capillaries are closer to the surface of the skin, making the newborn and young infant more susceptible to heat loss

Answer 9

Thermoregulation becomes more effective

Answer 10

Tongue is larger relative to oral cavity size; it must be able to latch onto the nipple for the infant to feed

Answer 11

Stomach capacity increases as the infant grows

Answer 12

First primary teeth erupt between the ages of 6 and 8 months (incisors). Teeth emerge in a predictable pattern

Answer 13

Consistency and frequency of stools change over the first year of life based on intake (breast or bottle) and age (i.e. meconium)

Answer 14

Infants more susceptible to dehydration

Answer 15

Frequent urination with low specific gravity (not concentrated until glomeruli mature)

Answer 16

Lanugo and vernix may be seen in the newborns

Answer 17

Acrocyanosis is normal in the newborn and decreases over the first few days of life

Answer 18

Skin is relatively thinner than that of adults with peripheral capillaries more superficial

Answer 19

Maternal iron stores are transferred to the fetus throughout the last trimester of pregnancy.

Answer 20

Therefore, premature infants miss this transfer and are at increased risk of iron deficiency anemia.

Answer 21

Newborns receive immunity through the placenta and utilize those antigens for first 3-6 months of life until they synthesize their own IgG, reaching adult levels by 9 months.

Answer 22

reaching adult levels by 9 months.

Answer 23

1. Erikson 2. Piaget 3. Freud

Answer 24

Trust v Mistrust (birth to 1 year)

Answer 25

Caregivers respond to infant's basic needs, this creates a sense of trust in the infant. Infants realized they are separate from their caregivers. They learn to tolerate small amounts of frustration and trust that although gratification is delayed, it will eventually be provided

Answer 26

Sensorimotor

Answer 27

Infant uses senses and motor skills to learn about the world

Answer 28

Oral stage: birth to 1 year

Answer 29

Pleasure is focused on oral activities; feeding and sucking

Answer 30

View objects 8-15 inches away, prefer human face

Answer 31

Binocularity – ability to fuse 2 ocular images into 1, begins at 6 weeks and established by 4 months. Color vision, distance, tracking by 7 months.

Answer 32

Intact at birth

Answer 33

Newborns can smell and prefer sweet tastes

Answer 34

Touch: Most important

Answer 35

*GROSS MOTOR Skills develop CEPHALOCAUDAL --> HEAD TO TOE *slide 13

Answer 36

*FINE MOTOR Skills develop PROXIMODISTAL --> CENTER TO PERIPHERY *Slide 14

Answer 37

First several months, crying is only form of communication

Answer 38

vowel sounds, laughs, responds to voices, responds to name

Answer 39

squealing and yelling

Answer 40

babbling, saying mamma dada without meaning

Answer 41

attach meaning to words, recognizes objects by name, imitates words

Answer 42

babbles with inflection

Answer 43

Indicates infant recognizes self as separate from others

Answer 44

Infant becomes distressed when parent leaves

Answer 45

Ranges from low to moderately active, regular, and predictable, to highly active, more intense, and less adaptable

Answer 46

Assessments of growth and development must include adjustments for prematurity

Answer 47

Use the infant’s adjusted age to determine expected outcomes

Answer 48

Subtract the number of weeks that the infant was premature from the infant’s chronological age Plot growth parameters and assess developmental milestones based on adjusted age

Answer 49

Safety Nutrition

Answer 50

Correct positioning and securing children in car seats Positioning infants “back to sleep” to decrease risk of SIDS Use of current recommendations for infant furniture Safety on the changing table and use of mobility devices for infants

Answer 51

Safety in the home using safety gates, outlet covers Identify choking hazards (small toys, foods) Water safety (bathrooms, buckets, and tubs)

Answer 52

AAP, NAPNAP, WHO, ACOG, ADA all recommend breastfeeding as the natural and preferred method of infant feeding.

Answer 53

AAP recommends newborns to be breastfed exclusively for the first 6 months of life, then introducing solids with the continuation of breastfeeding until 1 year of age.

Answer 54

Benefits for both mother and baby Perfectly matched nutrition

Answer 55

Newborns and young infants feed “on demand”

Answer 56

Can start to introduce solids at 4-6 months of age

Answer 57

Infants can require exposure to new foods up to 20 times before accepting the food

Answer 58

Introduce a new food and wait 3 to 4 days before introducing a different food to observe for any allergies

Answer 59

The child will decide how much to eat---the parent provides the food

Answer 60

Introduce the cup early (~6 months) to start

Answer 61

Solid food should be soft and mashed until teeth erupt

Answer 62

Colic Spitting up Thumb sucking, pacifiers, security items Teething

Answer 63

Height and weight increase steadily in spurts at a slower rate than the infant

Answer 64

Generally reach half adult height by age 2

Answer 65

Average weight gain is 3 to 5 lb per year

Answer 66

Height increases by an average of 3 in per year

Answer 67

Anterior fontanelle closes by 18 months

Answer 68

Head size more proportional to body by age 3

Answer 69

Brain reaches about 90% of size by age 2. Increased myelination improves coordination, balance, and sphincter control

Answer 70

Alveoli increase in number until age 7; trachea and airways small compared to adult; tonsils and adenoids are large relative to size of oral cavity

Answer 71

Heart rate decreases; blood pressure increases

Answer 72

Stomach increases in size; small intestine grows in length; less frequent stools; stool color may be variable based on diet; bowel control typically achieved by end of toddler period

Answer 73

Bladder and kidney reach adult function by 16 to 24 months; bladder capacity increases; urethra remains relatively short

Answer 74

Bones increase in length; muscle matures; swayback and pot belly appear due to weak muscles until 3 years old

Answer 75

Psychosocial theory describes the toddler period as a time of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)

Answer 76

Toddler is learning to do for herself what others have been doing for her. Ambivalence about the move from dependence to autonomy causing emotional lability.

Answer 77

Cognitive development: Preoperational (2-7 years old)

Answer 78

Differentiates self from objects (increased object permanence) Think before acting, time space causality understanding, make believe, connections with past Symbolic play – Animism: human feelings attached to objects

Answer 79

Anal stage: focus on achieving anal sphincter control

Answer 80

Initial walking with “toddler” gait Later includes running, climbing, jumping, pushing or pulling a toy, throwing a ball, and pedaling a tricycle

Answer 81

Progress from holding and pinching to the ability to manage utensils, hold a crayon, string a bead, work a puzzle, and use a touch screen

Answer 82

the ability to understand what is being said or asked

Answer 83

The ability to communicate one’s desires and feelings

Answer 84

Receptive far more advanced early on than expressive language development

Answer 85

Bilingual children: may have simultaneous acquisition of languages, first word may be slightly delayed but still in normal range

Answer 86

Echolalia Telegraphic speech

Answer 87

repetition of words/phrases without understanding

Answer 88

Want Cookie 2 word sentences

Answer 89

With all five senses (including taste)

Answer 90

Visual acuity continues to improve Hearing likely to be at adult levels

Answer 91

Although not fully developed, toddlers may express preferences for certain smells

Answer 92

May prefer certain textures (soft vs. scratchy clothes)

Answer 93

Separation Individuation Egocentrism Focus on self Need for control leads to emotional lability Rely on routines or security items to provide stability and comfort

Answer 94

Separation (Seeing oneself as separate from the parent)

Answer 95

Individuation (Forming a sense of self and learning to control one’s environment)

Answer 96

Focus on self

Answer 97

May rely on a security item Becomes aware of gender differences May display aggressive behaviors Consider the role of temperament in developing behaviors May show fear of loss of parents and of strangers Becomes more self-aware; does not have clear body boundaries Separation anxiety may reoccur May resist invasive procedures

Answer 98

During toddler years, children may feel comfort by praying; Don’t understand morality base actions on pleasure or punishment, but older toddlers beginning to understand empathy

Answer 99

Some parents may “baby” them for a longer period or the opposite; some discourage crying in boys, “be a man”; ridicule for crying

Answer 100

Play is the major socializing medium at this age

Answer 101

Typically need 30 minutes of structured physical activity and 1 to 3 hours of unstructured physical activity per day Parents should limit television and encourage creative and physical play instead Engage in parallel play (playing alongside another child) instead of cooperative play

Answer 102

Toddlers are egocentric and do not like to share Short attention span of toddlers will make them change toys frequently Toys that engage multiple senses with creative play need not be expensive!

Answer 103

Increasing mobility requires increased vigilance Provide a childproof environment Use a safe car seat in back seat of the car Provide a safe home environment Avoid exposure to tobacco smoke Prevent injury; water safety Prevent poisoning

Answer 104

Weaning from the bottle should occur by 12 to 15 months old, continuation can lead to dental caries

Answer 105

Toddler requires 500 mg of calcium per day

Answer 106

Iron-deficiency anemia in first 2 years of life can lead to developmental and psychomotor delays

Answer 107

Fat or cholesterol intake should not be restricted in children younger than 2 years

Answer 108

Daily recommended fiber intake for 1-3 year old is 19 g

Answer 109

Limit juice to 4-6 oz per day Milk should be limited to 16-24 oz per day Juice and milk should be offered along with meals or snacks Water should be offered in between meals Toddlers should drink from a cup (no sippy cup with a valve)

Answer 110

Use a child-sized spoon and fork with dull tines Ensure the portion size, type, and texture of the food is appropriate for the toddler considering dentition Seat the toddler in a high chair or at a comfortable height in a secure chair Include the toddler in family mealtimes; praise attempts at self-feeding Never leave the toddler unattended while eating Minimize distractions during mealtime

Answer 111

A typical toddler should sleep through the night and take one daytime nap Consistent bedtime rituals help the child prepare to sleep Most children discontinue daytime napping at around 3 years of age; eliminating naptime is highly individualized

Answer 112

Cleaning teeth with water progressing to small amount of fluoride toothpaste at 2 years old. Weaning from bottle and no-spill sippy cup by 15 months Visit dentist by 1 year, discuss fluoride supplementation

Answer 113

Limit setting Negotiation Techniques to assist the toddler to learn problem solving Offer realistic choices Keep instructions simple Reinforce desirable behaviors Extinction and “Time-outs” for negative behaviors

Answer 114

Toilet teaching Negativism Temper tantrums Thumb sucking and pacifiers Sibling rivalry Aggression and regression Weaning to cup

Answer 115

Toilet teaching – myelination of spinal cord at 2 years old achieved, capability of sphincter control develops

Answer 116

Average growth of 2.5 to 3 inch per year Average weight gain around 4-5 lb per year

Answer 117

Loss of baby fat and growth of muscle Length of skull increases slightly; lower jaw more pronounced; upper jaw widens

Answer 118

Expect the child to remain on the same or similar growth curve on the growth chart as from previous visits (large changes in percentiles require additional assessments)

Answer 119

Myelination of the spinal cord allows for bowel and bladder control completion usually around 3 years old Heart rate decreases, blood pressure increases Heart murmur and split heart sounds Stool 1-2 times per day Short urethra resulting in risk of UTI, still have accidents at 4-5 years old

Answer 120

Alveoli increase until 7 years old Eustachian tubes remain short and straight 20 teeth Bones increase in length and muscles strengthen however musculoskeletal still not mature and susceptible to injury

Answer 121

Erikson: (Psychosocial) Initiative versus Guilt (3 to 6 years): feels pride in accomplishments leading to initiative, however when they extend themselves passed what capable of leads to guilt.

Answer 122

Piaget: (Cognitive) Preoperational sub-stages:

Answer 123

Preconceptual (2 to 4 years): Intuitive phases (4 to 7 years): classify and relate objects, knows if something is right or wrong but doesn’t‘ understand why

Answer 124

Preconceptual (2 to 4 years): egocentric, active imagination, learns through observing and imitating

Answer 125

classify and relate objects, knows if something is right or wrong but doesn’t‘ understand why

Answer 126

Kohlberg: punishment–obedience orientation (2 to 7 years): determine good vs bad dependent upon associated punishment

Answer 127

Freud: phallic stage (3 to 7 years): jealousy and rivalry toward same-sex parent with love of opposite sex parent

Answer 128

Child’s moral standards are those of their parents or other adults who influence them, not necessarily their own. Knowing a family’s religious beliefs can be helpful especially when hospitalized.

Answer 129

Read it cause idk

Answer 130

Speaks in complete sentences Follows instructions with two or three steps Can name most familiar things Vocab of 200 words

Answer 131

Can explain how to use something Talks about past, present, future and imaginary events Can answer questions that use why and when Vocab of 2100 words

Answer 132

Cooperation Sharing (of things and feelings) Kindness Generosity Affection display Conversation Expression of feelings Helping others Making friends

Answer 133

Preschoolers learn how to make and keep a friend

Answer 134

Influenced by parent’s expectation of child’s behavior Determines child’s task orientation, social flexibility, and reactivity

Answer 135

Preschoolers exhibit variety of fears Parents should acknowledge child’s fears Nightmares versus “night terrors”

Answer 136

Building self-esteem Maintaining routine and rituals Setting limits and remaining consistent with them Early recognition of signs of developmental delay Supporting development of self-care activities (e.g., dressing, toileting) Developing social skills within both the family and the larger society

Answer 137

Delayed growth and development Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements Interrupted family processes Risk for injury (or falls, poisoning, trauma) Risk for caregiver role strain Risk for delayed development Risk for disproportionate growth Disturbed sleep patterns

Answer 138

Falls down often or had trouble with stairs Drools or unclear speech Can't work simple toys Doesn't make eye contact

Answer 139

Doesn't show a variety of emotions Extremes of behavior (fear, anger, aggression) Unusually withdrawn or inactive Cannot complete self-care activities (toileting, dressing, teeth, brushing)

Answer 140

Promoting growth through play Promoting early learning Promoting language development Promoting social skills for preschool/kindergarten Promoting safety Promoting nutrition Promoting healthy sleep and rest Promoting appropriate discipline

Answer 141

500 to 800 mg calcium 10 mg iron 19 mg fiber Regular meals with healthy snacks in between Diet high in nutrient-rich foods

Answer 142

Fat intake no less than 20% and no more than 30% daily calories Saturated fats less than 10%

Answer 143

Small portions on smaller sized plates and bowls with appropriately sized utensils Encourage child to serve self Allow child to decide when to stop eating (don’t force food) Snacks should be high quality (lean proteins, whole grain, fruits, veggies, dairy) Family meal times allow parents to model appropriate behaviors at meals and facilitate communication

Answer 144

Overweight is defined as BMI at or above the 85th percentile and below the 95th percentile for age and sex

Answer 145

Obesity is defined as BMI greater than the 95th percentile for age and sex

Answer 146

Hypertension Hyperlipidemia Insulin resistance

Answer 147

Lying Sex education Masturbation

Answer 148

Expected growth and development Anticipatory guidance Preparation for school entry Planning for safety in the child’s environment

Answer 149

Grows an average of 2.5 inches per year. Increases weight by average of 7 pounds per year.

Answer 150

Early on, boys and girls are similar in height and weight. Later, girls may develop faster than boys in height and weight; boys will “catch-up” later.

Answer 151

Expectations of behavior should be consistent with age, not appearances.

Answer 152

Secondary sexual characteristics begin to appear.

Answer 153

brain and skull grow very slowly; cognitive processes mature

Answer 154

respiratory rates decrease; respirations are diaphragmatic in nature

Answer 155

blood pressure increases and pulse rate decreases.

Answer 156

matures to adult level around 10 years old; fewer infections experienced

Answer 157

deciduous teeth replaced by permanent teeth; fewer gastrointestinal upsets; stomach capacity increases; caloric needs are lower but appetite may increase.

Answer 158

bladder capacity increases (age in years + 2 ounces); prepubescence occurs.

Answer 159

greater coordination and strength; muscle still immature and can easily be injured.

Answer 160

Coordination, balance, rhythm improve. Ride bike, jump rope, dance, sports, skating, swimming

Answer 161

Hand usage improves. Eye–hand coordination and balance improve. Can write, print words, sew, or build models. Takes pride in activities requiring dexterity and fine motor skills, such as playing musical instruments.

Answer 162

also called “lazy eye”) is the term to describe the condition when one eye can focus better than the other.

Answer 163

Uncorrected refractive errors or other eye defects in one eye (near-sighted, far-sighted or astigmatism) Malalignment of the eye muscles (strabismus) Deprivation due to cataract formation in one eye (rare)

Answer 164

Symptoms: Eye rubbing, squinting, avoiding reading, headaches, problems with depth perception or hand-eye coordination

Answer 165

is psychosocial Industry vs inferiority

Answer 166

Cognition Concrete operational thinking

Answer 167

Conventional

Answer 168

Vocabulary expands to 8,000 to 14,000 words. Culturally specific words are used. Reading efficiency improves language skills. More complex grammatical forms are used. Development of metalinguistic awareness occurs (ability to think about language and comment on its properties) Metaphors are beginning to be understood.

Answer 169

Temperament Self-esteem development Body image School-age fears Peer relationships Teacher and school influences Family influences

Answer 170

Cardiovascular fitness Weight control Emotional tension release Development of leadership and social skills

Answer 171

Car safety Pedestrian safety Bicycle and sport safety Fire safety Water safety Abuse in children

Answer 172

Nutrition history including a 24-hour recall of what was consumed.

Answer 173

Check height and weight compared to previous measurements; assess BMI for age. Inquire about family meals and the social aspects of eating including who prepares the meals. Solicit from both parent and child. Identify any knowledge gaps relating to nutrition.

Answer 174

1,800 to 2,100 mL of water per day (limit sugary beverages and juices) 28 g protein 800–1,000 mg calcium for 4 to 8 year olds, increases to 1,300 mg for 9 to 13 year olds *skipped slide 70

Answer 175

Television and video games (setting limits on both the content and amount of time) School refusal (school phobia) Latchkey children and safety Stealing, lying, cheating, bullying (whether as the perpetrator or the victim) Fitting in with peer groups Tobacco and alcohol education

Answer 176

12 hours of sleep required.

Answer 177

Should have predictable bedtime expectations and wake-up times. Children may need help in winding down to promote sleep.

Answer 178

Night terrors and sleepwalking may occur but should resolve by age 8 to 10 years.

Answer 179

Rapid physical growth in body size and proportions second only to growth in infancy Sexual characteristics and reproductive maturity occur

Answer 180

Puberty begins in girls around 9 to 10 years old and in boys around 10 to 11 years old

Answer 181

Secretion of estrogen in girls and testosterone in boys stimulates physical sexual changes

Answer 182

Peak height velocity occurs at about 12 years of age in girls and 14 years of age in boys

Answer 183

Muscle mass increase in boys and fat deposits increase in girls

Answer 184

Voice deepens (most dramatic in males) Limbs elongate disproportionately (may look “leggy”) Growth plates at the end of long bones begin to close Apocrine glands (sweat glands) activate in axilla and genital areas Skin changes related to increased sebaceous gland secretions may lead to skin eruptions (acne) Increase in body hair

Answer 185

Hips widen in females, shoulders widen in males

Answer 186

Neurologic system: growth of myelin sheath enables faster neural processing; cognitive growth increases

Answer 187

Increase in diameter and length of the lungs; respiratory volume and vital capacity increase

Answer 188

size and strength of heart increases; systolic blood pressure increases and heart rate decreases

Answer 189

full set of permanent teeth; liver, spleen, kidneys, and digestive tract enlarge

Answer 190

linear growth is not complete until late adolescence in boys and occurs earlier in girls; growth plates (which promote linear growth) begin to close at puberty. Adult height is attained when growth plates have closed in late adolescence

Answer 191

skin is thick and tough; sebaceous glands are more active; sweat glands function at adult level

Answer 192

Psychosocial Identity v role confusion or diffusion

Answer 193

Cognition Formal operation

Answer 194

Moral development Postconventional level III

Answer 195

Allow sufficient time for conversation Speak respectfully as you would to a colleague Talk face to face; be aware of body language (yours and the teen’s) Ask open-ended questions to clarify and promote understanding Reflect back what you think you heard so that he or she feels heard Choose words carefully so that message and intent are clear Be honest; don’t be afraid to say you don’t know Be liberal with praise; acknowledge effort Solicit the teen’s input in decision making as often as possible Clearly state expectations and set limits fairly

Answer 196

Play essential role in identity of the adolescent Provide opportunities to learn negotiation of differences Provide recreation, companionship, and someone to share problems with Create stability in times of stress or transition Serve as credible sources of information and social reinforcement (behaviors, roles) Can have positive or negative influences

Answer 197

Unintentional injuries Internet safety Motor vehicle safety (as a driver and as a passenger) Avoiding substance abuse Firearm safety Water safety

Answer 198

Peer pressure; growing wish for independence from family in food choices Low cost/convenience/easy access of fast foods Family culture relating to food and meal time rituals Lack of time/opportunities for family meals (busy schedules) Growing wish for independence in food choices Others?

Growth and developmentinfant – Toddler – preschooler – school-age – adolescent Flashcards

Exam 1 (225 cards)