Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pediatric Nursing > Growth & Development > Flashcards

Growth & Development Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Accommodation

A

Changes made to deal with new experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Assimilation

A

Incorporating of new experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

A

Establishes psychosocial stages during eight periods of human life. For each stage there is a “crisis” or a particular challenge that exists for healthy development to occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

preconceptual substage

A

(2-4) vocabulary and comprehension increase greatly but the child shows egocentrism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Trust vs mistrust stage

A

Birth-1

The baby establishes a sense of trust when basic needs are met

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autonomy vs shame & doubt stage

A

1-3

The child is increasingly independent in many spheres of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Initiative vs guilt stage

A

3-6

The child likes to initiate play activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Industry vs inferiority stage

A

6-12

The child gains a sense if self worth from involvement in activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identity vs role confusion stage

A

12-18

The adolescent’s search for self-identity leads to independence from parents and reliance on peers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A

Child’s view of the world is influenced largely by age and maturational ability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Piaget’s stages if development

A

Sensorimotor (birth-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete operational (7-11)
Formal operational (11-adulthood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Formal operational

A

11-Adulthood
Fully mature intellectual thought has now been attained. The adolescent can think abstractly about objects or concepts and consider different alternatives or outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

7-11
Transductive reasoning has given way to a more accurate understanding of the cause and effect. The child can reason quite well if concrete objects are used in teaching or experimentation. the concept of conservation is learned at this age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Preoperational stage

A

2-7

The child thinks by using words as symbols, but logic is not well developed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Birth-2
The baby learns from movement and sensory input.
(6 independent stages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Freud’s theory of psychosocial development

A

Early childhood experiences form the unconscious motivation for actions in later life. Theory that sexual energy is centered in specific parts of the body at certain ages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Freud’s stages of development

A 
Oral (birth-1)
Anal (1-3)
Phallic (3-6)
Latency (6-12)
Genital (12-18)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Genital stage

A

12-18

The adolescent’s focus is on genital function and relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Latency stage

A

6-12

The child places importance on privacy and understanding the body. Interacts more with same sex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phallic stage

A

3-6
The child initially identifies with the parent of the opposite sex but by the end of this stage has identified with the same sex parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anal stage

A

1-3

The child derives gratification from control over body excretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oral stage

A

Birth-1

The baby obtains pleasure and comfort through the mouth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sensorimotor stages

A

Uses of reflexes (birth-1 month)
Primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
Secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
Coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 months)
Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
Mental combinations (18-24 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Uses of reflexes

A

Birth-1 month
The infant begins life with a set of reflexes such as sucking, rooting, and grasping. By using reflexes the infant receives stimulation via touch, sound, smell, and vision. The reflexes thus pave the way for the first learning to occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Primary circular reactions
1-4 months | Once the infant responds reflexively, the pleasure gained from that response causes repetition of the behavior
26
Secondary circular reactions
4-8 months | Awareness of the environment grows as the infant begins to connect cause and effect.
27
Coordination of secondary schemes
8-12 months Intentional behavior is observed as the infant uses learned behavior to obtain objects, create sounds, or engage in other pleasurable activities. Object permanence begins when infant remembers where a hidden object is likely be found.
28
Tertiary circular reactions
12-18 months | Curiosity, experimentation, and exploration predominate as the toddler tries out actions to learn results.
29
Mental combinations
18-24 months Language provides a new tool for the toddler to use in understanding the world. Language enables the child to think about events and objects before or after they occur.
30
Intuitive substage
4-7 The child relies on transductive reasoning. Cause and effect relationships are often unrealistic or a result of magical thinking.
31
Transductive reasoning
Drawing conclusions from one general fact to another.
32
Magical thinking
The belief that events occur because of thoughts or wishes.
33
Centration
The ability to consider only one aspect of a situation at a time
34
Animism
Ascribing life to inanimate objects because they move, make noise, or have certain other qualities.
35
Conservation
That matter does not change when it's form is altered.
36
Egocentrisim
An inability to see things from the perspective of another.
37
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Focus on a particular type of cognitive development concerned with moral decisions.Established three levels of moral reasoning. Age guidelines are approximate and many people never reach the highest stage of development.
38
Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development
Preconventional (4-7) Conventional (7-11) Postconventional (12 and older)
39
Precconventional stage
4-7 | Decisions are based on the desire to please others and to avoid punishment.
40
Conventional stage
7-12 Conscience or an internal set of standards becomes important.Rules are important and must be followed to please other people and "be good."
41
postconventional stage
12 and older The individual has internalized ethical standards on which to base decisions. social responsibility is recognized. the value in each of two differing moral approaches can be considered and a decision made.
42
Self-efficacy
The expectation that someone can produce a desired outcome.
43
Patterns of Temperment
Difficult child Slow-to-warm-up Easy
44
The "easy" child
Generally moderate in activity; shows regularity in patterns of sleeping, eating, and elimination; and is usually positive in mood and when subjected to new stimuli. Adapts to new situations and is able to accept rules and work well with others.
45
The "slow-to-warm-up" child
Reactions of mild intensity and slow adaptabilty to new situations. displays initial withdrawal followed by gradual, quiet and slow interaction with the environment.
46
the "difficult" child
Displays irregular schedules for eating, sleeping and elimination; adapts slowly to new situations and persons; and displays a predominantly negative mood. Intense reactions to environment are common.
47
Birth to 1 month fine and gross motor ability.
Fine motor ability: Holds hand in fist, draws arms and legs to body when crying. Gross motor ability: inborn reflexes such as startle and rooting are predominant activity. May lift head briefly if prone. Alerts to high-pitched voices and comforts with touch.
48
Birth to 1 month sensory ability
Prefers to look at faces and black-and-white geometric designs. Follows objects in line of vision
49
Birth to 1 month physical growth
Gains 5-7 oz/week (140-200g) Grows 1.5 cm (1/2 in) in first month Head circumference increases 1.5 cm (1/2 in)
50
4-6 months physical growth
``` Gains 5-7 oz (140-200g)/week Doubles birth weight at 5-6 months Grows 1.5 cm (1/2 in)/ month Head circumference increases 1.5 cm (1/2 in)/month Teeth may begin to erupt by 6th month Ingests 100 ml/kg/24 hr (1.5 oz/lb/24 hr ```
51
4-6 month fine motor ability
Grasps rattles and other objects at will; drops them to pick up another offered object. Mouths objects. Holds feet and pulls to mouth. Holds bottle. Grasps with whole hand (palmar grasp) Manipulates objects
52
4-6 month gross motor ability
Head held steady when sitting. No head lag when pulled to sitting. Turns from abdomen to back by 4 months and back to abdomen by 6 months. When held standing, supports much of own weight.
53
4-6 month sensory ability
Examines complex visual images. Watches the course of a falling object. Responds readily to sounds.
54
6-8 months physical growth
Gains 3-5 oz (85-140g)/week Grows 1 cm (3/8 in)/month Growth rate slower than the first 6 months
55
6-8 month fine motor
Bangs objects held in hands. Transfer objects from one hand to the other. Beginning pincer grasp at times
56
6-8 month gross motor
Most inborn reflexes extinguished. Sits alone readily without support by 8 months. Likes to bounce on legs when held in standing position
57
6-8 months sensory ability
Recognizes own name and responds by looking and smiling. Enjoys small and complex objects to play with
58
8-10 months physical growth
Gains 3-5 oz (85-140g)/week | Grows 1 cm (3/8 in)/month
59
8-10 month fine motor
Picks up small objects | Uses pincer grasp well
60
8-10 month gross motor
Crawls or pulls whole body along floor by arms. Creeps by using hands and knees to keep trunk off floor. Pulls self to standing by 10 months. Recovers balance when sitting
61
8-10 month sensory ability
Understands words such as "no" and "cracker" May say one word in addition to mama and dada Recognizes sound without difficulty
62
10-12 month physical growth
Gains 3-5 oz (85-140 g)/week Grows 1 cm (3/8 in)/month Head circumference equals chest circumference Triples Birth weight by 12 months.
63
10-12 month fine motor
May hold crayon or pencil and make mark on paper. Places objects into containers through holes.
64
10-12 month gross motor
Stands alone Walks holding onto furniture Sits down from standing
65
10-12 month sensory ability
Plays peek a boo and patty cake
66
Child abuse: act of commission
Things done to child: physical abuse, verbal abuse
67
Child abuse: act of omission
Things supposed to do but don't: not feeding, bathing, etc
68
Who are the perpetrators?
Family members, caregivers, friends parents, etc. strangers not the most common
69
Types of child abuse
Neglect Abuse: physical, sexual, emotional Munchausen Syndrome by proxy
70
Common types of sexual abuse
``` Incest Pedophilia Molestation Exhibitionism Child pornography Child prostitution ```
71
Axis of abuse: perpetrators
``` Perpetrators: -Parents, caregivers, other family members & friends -Strangers -Minors as perpetrators Characteristics: -Past experiences -Poor impulse control -Low self-esteem -Social crisis -lack of knowledge/understanding -Mental illness -Chemical dependency ```
72
Axis of abuse: victims
Characteristics: - Children 3 and younger at greater risk - Child's temperament - Child's additional needs
73
Axis of abuse: environment
Characteristics: - Chronic stress - Inadequate support systems - Domestic abuse in home
74
How do you diagnosis physical/sexual/emotional abuse and emotional neglect
``` Physical/emotional -Assessment -Diagnostic tests Emotional -Parent-child interaction Neglect -Parent-child interaction *Caution: differentiate true child abuse from cultural variations of healing practices, and physical conditions and disease. ```
75
When should we suspect abuse?
Emotional abuse or neglect: -Physical growth and developmental delay -Behavioral changes Physical abuse -Physical injuries: injuries do not match explanation, multiple injuries -Behavioral signs: parent or child- excessive delay for seeking treatment or not seeking treatment at all. Inappropriate response of child. Refusal of parents to have extra treatments. Child wears long sleeves even in hot weather Sexual abuse -Physical manifestations- penial/vaginal discharge. Vaginal opening irregular for age group. -Behavioral manifestations- wets bed, somatic complaints, changes in school performance, depression, withdrawal from friends
76
Nursing responsibility related to abuse
``` #1 STOP THE ABUSE: Identify and protect coils from further abuse. Mandatory federal/state child abuse reporting laws. #2 Care of the abused child: Basic needs of the hospitalized child. Acceptance/non-judgmental. Foster positive behaviors. Documentation. Agency's "chain of custody" protocol for evidentiary materials. Child advocacy. PTSD #3 Care of the family- goal is reintegration of the family unit: personal assessment of attitudes and feelings toward child abuse. Role-modeling/education. Community resources for child and family. Safe places to drop off unwanted babies. Child abuse laws- criminal prosecution. #4 PREVENTION!!!! Identify high risk groups. Identify community resources available for support. Personal responsibilities/contributions. ```
77
4-6 months physical growth
``` Gains 5-7 oz (140-200g)/week Doubles birth weight at 5-6 months Grows 1.5 cm (1/2 in)/ month Head circumference increases 1.5 cm (1/2 in)/month Teeth may begin to erupt by 6th month Ingests 100 ml/kg/24 hr (1.5 oz/lb/24 hr ```
77
4-6 month fine motor ability
Grasps rattles and other objects at will; drops them to pick up another offered object. Mouths objects. Holds feet and pulls to mouth. Holds bottle. Grasps with whole hand (palmar grasp) Manipulates objects
78
4-6 month gross motor ability
Head held steady when sitting. No head lag when pulled to sitting. Turns from abdomen to back by 4 months and back to abdomen by 6 months. When held standing, supports much of own weight.
79
4-6 month sensory ability
Examines complex visual images. Watches the course of a falling object. Responds readily to sounds.
80
6-8 months physical growth
Gains 3-5 oz (85-140g)/week Grows 1 cm (3/8 in)/month Growth rate slower than the first 6 months
81
6-8 month fine motor
Bangs objects held in hands. Transfer objects from one hand to the other. Beginning pincer grasp at times
82
6-8 month gross motor
Most inborn reflexes extinguished. Sits alone readily without support by 8 months. Likes to bounce on legs when held in standing position
83
6-8 months sensory ability
Recognizes own name and responds by looking and smiling. Enjoys small and complex objects to play with
84
8-10 months physical growth
Gains 3-5 oz (85-140g)/week | Grows 1 cm (3/8 in)/month
85
8-10 month fine motor
Picks up small objects | Uses pincer grasp well
86
8-10 month gross motor
Crawls or pulls whole body along floor by arms. Creeps by using hands and knees to keep trunk off floor. Pulls self to standing by 10 months. Recovers balance when sitting
87
8-10 month sensory ability
Understands words such as "no" and "cracker" May say one word in addition to mama and dada Recognizes sound without difficulty
88
10-12 month physical growth
Gains 3-5 oz (85-140 g)/week Grows 1 cm (3/8 in)/month Head circumference equals chest circumference Triples Birth weight by 12 months.

Pediatric Nursing (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions