Growth/Development

Question 1

Birth weight is regained by:

Answer 1

10-14 days of life

Question 2

Birth weight doubles by:

Answer 2

4 months

Question 3

Birth weight triples by:

Answer 3

1 year

Question 4

Average weight gain/year in kids over age 2

Answer 4

5-7 lbs/year

Question 5

Average height gain/year in kids over age 2

Answer 5

2 inches/year

Question 6

Definition of failure to thrive

Answer 6

Single point on growth curve definitions:

• Weight < 3rd percentile
• Weight for heigh < 5th percentile
• Weight 20% of more below ideal weight for height

A series of points of the growth curve definitions:

• downward crossing of > 2 major percentiles
• Weight gain < 20 g/day in 0-3 months of age
• Weight gain < 15 g/day from 3-6 months of age

Question 7

Moro reflex

Answer 7

startle reflex

-Absent by 3-4 months of age

Question 8

Palmar grasp

Answer 8

-Absent by 2-3 months of age

Question 9

Parachute reflex

Answer 9

-Present by 6-9 months of age

Question 10

Head control

Answer 10

• 1 month: momentarily
• 2 months: head up to 45 degrees, can lift head off table
• 4 months: head up to 90 degrees, can lift chest

Question 11

Head lag:

Answer 11

Newborn: complete head lag when pulled to sitting
4 months: No head lag when pulled to sitting
6 months: lifts head off table in anticipation of being lifted

Question 12

Rolling

Answer 12

Front to back: 4-5 months

Back to front: 5-6 months

Question 13

Sitting

Answer 13

Sits with support: 6 months

Sits without support: 7 months

Question 14

2 month old milestones:

Answer 14

• Looses palmar grasp
• Gross motor: can lift head up 45 degrees when in tummy time
• Social: social smile
• Language: Coos

Question 15

4 month old milestones:

Answer 15

Primitive: looses moro reflex
Gross motor: can lift head up to 90 degrees, no head lag, rolls front to back
Fine motor: voluntary grasp
Language: Cooing
Social: Smiles at self in mirror

Question 16

6 month old milestones

Answer 16

Primitive: parachute reflex develops
Gross motor: lifts head off table in anticipation of being lifted, rolls back to front. Sits with support
Fine motor: transfers objects back and forth, uses thumb to grasp cube
Language: babbling
Social: separation anxiety develops

Question 17

9 month old milestones

Answer 17

Gross motor: pulls to stand
Fine motor: mature cube grasp
Language: first words
Social: still with separation anxiety, waves bye (10 months), plays pat-a-cake

Question 18

12 month old milestones

Answer 18

Gross motor: cruising (around 11 months)
Fine motor:
Language: working on first words
Social: still with separation anxiety

Question 19

Towers of cubes:

Answer 19

• 2 cubes: 13 months
• 4 cubes: 1.5 years
• 6 blocks: 2 years
• 8 blocks: 2.5 years

Question 20

Scribbles

Answer 20

15 months

Question 21

Vertical line:

Answer 21

18 months

Question 22

Uses cup well:

Answer 22

15-18 months

Question 23

Uses spoon well

Answer 23

2 years

Question 24

Uses fork well:

Answer 24

4 years

Question 25

Buttons large buttons

Answer 25

3 years

Question 26

Ties shoes

Answer 26

5 years

Question 27

Walking milestones:

Answer 27

``` 9 months: pulls to stand 11 months: cruising 13 months: walks without help 15 months: walks well 2 years: Runs well ```

Question 28

Stairs milestones

Answer 28

2 years: up and down stairs, 2 feet on each step | 4 years: up and down with 1 foot per step

Question 29

Jumping milestones

Answer 29

2.5 years: 2 feet off the ground 4 years: hops on 1 foot 5-6 years: skips Balance on 1 foot for 2-3 secs: 3 years Balance on 1 foot for 6-10 secs: 4 years

Question 30

Dresses self

Answer 30

3 years

Question 31

symbolic play

Answer 31

12 months

Question 32

Parallel play

Answer 32

24 months

Question 33

Cooperative play

Answer 33

3-4 years

Question 34

Fantasy play

Answer 34

3 years

Question 35

Games with rules

Answer 35

6 years

Question 36

First words (Mama/Dada)

Answer 36

9-12 months

Question 37

18 months: language development

Answer 37

10-50 words - Can ID > 5 body parts - Follows simple commands

Question 38

24 months: language development

Answer 38

2 word sentences 100-200 words in vocabulary Understands ~50 %

Question 39

30 months: language development

Answer 39

Understands prepositions

Question 40

3 years: language development

Answer 40

``` 3-4 word sentences hundreds of words 75% understood Uses plurals Can identify 2 colors What/who questions ```

Question 41

4 years: language development

Answer 41

``` 100% understood Speaks in paragraphs uses past/present Identifies gender Identifies 5-6 colors Uses why questions ```

Question 42

operational thinking

Answer 42

6 years

Question 43

Sensitivity

Answer 43

TP/ (TP + FN)

Question 44

Specificty

Answer 44

TN/(TN + FP)

Question 45

Prevalence

Answer 45

Percent of people in a population with the disease

Question 46

Positive predictive value

Answer 46

Probability of disease in a patient with a positive test - PPV= TP/ (TP + FP) - PPV= true positives divided by ALL that test positive PPV is one of the main factors to consider in determining the usefulness of a screening program Influenced by prevalence of the disease

Question 47

Cross-sectional study

Answer 47

looks at the presence of presumed risk factors and the presence of the outcome and measure them at the same time in a population Weakest type of study Cannot assume cause/effect

Question 48

Case-control study

Answer 48

Retrospective study - divided in to groups based on presence of absence of outcome of interest - Then the study examines the frequency of risk factors in each group Can identify association but not cause/effect

Question 49

Cohort study

Answer 49

Subjects divided into groups based on risk factors and then followed prospectively Powerful study

Question 50

Type 1 error

Answer 50

Concluding there is a difference (rejecting the null hypothesis) when there is no difference Declaring a benefit when there is none

Question 51

Type 2 error

Answer 51

Concluding there is no difference (failing to reject the null hypothesis) when one exists Increase sample size > increase power > decrease likelihood of type 2 error

Question 52

Relative risk

Answer 52

(Incidence of disease in those exposed to the risk factor)/(Incidence of disease in those unexposed to the risk factor) RR > 1 suggests that the RF is associated with the disease

Question 53

NNT

Answer 53

Inverse of the absolute risk reduction between intervention and control groups