GS1 Flashcards

Question

VI.Urbanisation and caste

Answer 1

Urbanisation increase in urban population due to migration, declaration of new urban centres. urbanisation equated with progress, equal opportunity to everyone,merit , competition v/s privilege Germany, UK and south asian countries from traditional system India urban growth overtaken rural growth first time in last census caste merit and not caste decides opportunities inclusive measures like reservations in public institutions Pull factor- talent and opportunities play major role. private players giving importance to skills and not family tradition. as market mechanism challenges to dilution most come from distress migration . less skills set. many dalits and adivasis service sector-skills and education required segregation based in income-segregation based on caste. upper caste high paying jobs. caste and class related caste operates in micro settings. eg: housing colonies. conclusion dilution there but India's unplanned and haphazard growth means caste still there measures for inclusivity skilling,education,addressing push factor, RURBAN mission

Answer 2

intro india's urbanisation follows a lopsided pattern :31.16 % population in urban areas -but more than 60 % of this in 3 metros promoted unbalanced urbanisation (regional inequality );skewed migration pattern, and unequal regional development even as this problem exists, the condition of our cities is also not praiseworthy. there is high congestion, pollution, low development indices ,problems of slums , infrastructure bottle necks all these have created a dilemma as to whether we should focus on how to spread the urbanisation or replan the existing cities ie Plan for the City or Plan the City why ? to spread the benefits of urbanisation to counter dilapidated migration to extend civic services to all classes of population what all is being done ? new cities being developed eg: new city component of Smart city mission , new capitals like amaravati, develop hinterland ,PURA 2.0 /rurban mission , smart village concept to reduce pressure of migration , create cities acting as counter magnets like NOIDA in NCR of Delhi etc ,tier 2 cities -raipur , trivandrum what needs to be done ? focus on tier 2 and tier 3 cities , increase funding to these cities empower local bodies to evolve as new cities (more financial and political powers) plan the city why ? to reduce pressure on the existing city correct infrastructure deficiencies , reduce traffic and commotions, ensure better standard of living to all, reduce environmental damage etc. what all is being done ? redevelopment and rejuvenation component of smart city mission : Amrut Scheme, urban component of IAY , construction of ring roads, flyovers, MRTS etc.new transit oriented development policy, green mobility scheme what needs to be done ? promote more public buses (10 k plan for Delhi set by SC), electric vehicles , cycle tracks, futuristic planning why ? to reduce pressure on the existing city correct infrastructure deficiencies , reduce traffic and commotions, ensure better standard of living to all, reduce environmental damage etc. what all is being done ? redevelopment and rejuvenation component of smart city mission : Amrut Scheme, urban component of IAY , construction of ring roads, flyovers, MRTS etc.new transit oriented development policy, green mobility scheme what needs to be done ? promote more public buses (10 k plan for Delhi set by SC), electric vehicles , cycle tracks, futuristic planning conclusion planning the city and planning for the city are 2 important tools targeting the same goal ie long term urban planning, as reported in UN habitat conference so it will be cardinal sin to compartmentalise city planning , and we need to integrate the urban planning incorporating these 2 methods clear co ordination mechanism has to be charted , allocating responsibilities to different tiers of government and civil society according to their needs and capabilities

Answer 3

Defn a landslide happens when rocks, debris and soil move down a slope. they're also known as landslips. Factors Combination of both geological structure of the region and other factors external to it. Rainfall, deforestation, a landslide happens when rocks, debris and soil move down a slope. they're also known as landslips. Combination of both geological structure of the region and other factors external to it. Rainfall, deforestation, More in Himalayas than in Western Ghats Seismic Activity - Himalayas under tension as it is in active plate margins. WG is part of peninsular crustal block which is more stable. Relief- Height is much more in comparison to WG and hence the gravitational pull and erosive power of water will be more. Mode of origin : Himalayas by inter-plate collision and hence it is still active in shock waves (earthquakes), while WG due to faulting of deccan plateau. Erosive power of rivers : Himalayan rivers due to greater steepness and relief have more erosive power than the short ones in Western Ghats or the gradually steeped eastern Ghats. Bedding planes : Because himalayas have formed due to accretion of masses and combination of plates, it has many bedding planes and hence provides easy slip off faces for the landslide. Geological composition :Because of its marine origin, the materials of Himalayas are much more prone to get eroded. Rainfall : amount of rainfall os more or less comparable , but in certain areas in Himalays receive short and intense rainfall than in WG. Summer snow melt : only present in Him, which can cause river flow and thus erosion. Undercutting is high : In Himalayas because of development activities like road etc. 10.Deforestation : more in Himalayas than in WG esp due to human influence of tourism, pilgrimage, MPP 11 : Multipurpose project : Presence of large hydrolectric power projects is more common in Himalayas than in WG. . Draw a figure. Formation of western ghats and himalayas sections of landslides deforestation levels etc. conclusion knowledge of slope profile is very important for slope management need of hour is clear mapping of landslide prone areas in both these regions and working towards managing this menace. mitigation measures like slope stabilisation, afforestation, settlement segregation etc could be done. knowledge of slope profile is very important for slope management need of hour is clear mapping of landslide prone areas in both these regions and working towards managing this menace. mitigation measures like slope stabilisation, afforestation, settlement segregation etc could be done.

Answer 4

Defn Reversal of the normal behaviour of temperature in the troposphere , in which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air.(under normal conditions air temperature usually decreases with height ) Reversal of the normal behaviour of temperature in the troposphere , in which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air.(under normal conditions air temperature usually decreases with height ) Conditions favouring its formation Long nights, clear skies, calm and stable air and adequate moisture. draw diagram Long nights, clear skies, calm and stable air and adequate moisture. Methods of formation Air drainage type when the cold air moves down the valley, causing inversion Ground Inversion When a cold surface imparts coolness to the air of lower atmosphere. Subsidence inversion When air subsides, gets heated up and is warmer than the underlying stable air mass Frontal inversion When the warm air mass is undercut by colder air mass. Air drainage type when the cold air moves down the valley, causing inversion Ground Inversion When a cold surface imparts coolness to the air of lower atmosphere. Subsidence inversion When air subsides, gets heated up and is warmer than the underlying stable air mass Frontal inversion When the warm air mass is undercut by colder air mass. Challenges by this phenomenon Inversion in general inhibits convection and hence cloud formation. So less rainfall results. The inversion cap prevents the diffusion of polluting substances, smoke in particular. usually fog and frost happen and they adversely affect the population The trees are bitten by frost and damage also occurs to the standing crop. only a shallow layer of air will be heated if the inversion is low and large , and hence the rise in temperature will be great. Inversion in general inhibits convection and hence cloud formation. So less rainfall results. The inversion cap prevents the diffusion of polluting substances, smoke in particular. usually fog and frost happen and they adversely affect the population The trees are bitten by frost and damage also occurs to the standing crop. only a shallow layer of air will be heated if the inversion is low and large , and hence the rise in temperature will be great. How humans adapted ? houses and farms in inter-montane valleys are usually situated along upper slopes, avoiding cold and foggy valley bottoms. plantations in Brazil and hoteliers of mountain states of Himalayas in India avoid lower slopes because of frost. fogs unfavourable for farming but sometimes also favourable for some crops such as coffee plants in yemen hills of Arabia where fogs protect coffee plants from direct strong sun's rays. houses and farms in inter-montane valleys are usually situated along upper slopes, avoiding cold and foggy valley bottoms. plantations in Brazil and hoteliers of mountain states of Himalayas in India avoid lower slopes because of frost. fogs unfavourable for farming but sometimes also favourable for some crops such as coffee plants in yemen hills of Arabia where fogs protect coffee plants from direct strong sun's rays. Conclusion Temperature inversion is a reality in many areas and also have negative effects humans adapted to this, Temperature inversion is a reality in many areas and also have negative effects humans adapted to this,

Answer 5

intro different climatic regions have formed due to a combination of factors like shifting of planetary winds, continentality to name a few Mediterranean has a unique model of climate due to the interplay of many such factors.It is a western margin warm temperature climate different climatic regions have formed due to a combination of factors like shifting of planetary winds, continentality to name a few uniqueness location : confined to western portion of continental masses, between 30 and 45n annd s like california , central chile, southern australia cause : shifting of pressure belts and thus under different planetary wind regimes. dry warm summer.due to trade winds being offshore winter rain concentration : on share westerly wind influence; heavy concentrated showers other places summer rains. altogether it is a transitional climate between Deserts in the South and Maritime climate in North.So very favourable climate, with abundant sunlight many prominent local winds blow here, with differing impacts .eg:leveche, sirocco, chilli etc Vegetation : Half year dry, so tress with small broad leaves, absence of shade, xerophytic adaptations. eg: Cork oak, eucalyptus, pine, fir, cedar, shrubs and bushes (maquis, mallee) draw map development avenues cradle of world civilisation favourable climate : so very productive atmosphere for work tourist destination : cloudless sky , sunshine is abundant orchard farming:citrus fruits (oranges, lemnons, limes); sunkist orahnge, seville orange, jaffa orange, tangerine orange, olive oil, nut industry. crop cultivation : cereals like wheat especially winter wheat,rice in po valley and california, mountain pastures for sheep and goat cultivation wine production : vitrivulture, sherry, port wine, chianti, asti and marsala , champagne, bordeaux, burgundy etc. dried ones like raisins, sulatanas relatively less disease attack :with summer being dry. cradle of world civilisation conclusion geography offers opportunities for development and its upon the civilisation to use it to good effect the mediterranean is an epitome of perfect use of the ambient conditions as many of these areas have high living standards and development indices.

Answer 6

Introduction difference between weather and climate is a measure of time.Weather is what conditions of the atmospshere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere, behaves , over a relatively long periods of time. In some places, weather can change from minute to minute . one such place is Britain this is because Britian falls in the zones of extra-tropical cyclones. the condition in the atmosphere change rapidly as the cyclone passes.this has to do with peculiar origin of ETC difference between weather and climate is a measure of time.Weather is what conditions of the atmospshere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere, behaves , over a relatively long periods of time. Origin of ETC: Polar front theory Polar front originates when air masses of different properties (hot and cold ) confront each other (frontogenesis ) difference in properties prevent mixing of the air. the 2 differing masses fall in 2 different wind regimes, and hence a LP kind develops , which evolve into a cyclone (cyclogenesis) cold front moves faster than warm, and hence slowly the warm air is displaced by the cold air (frontolysis) following which the air fills in this area and cyclonic circulation ends (cyclolysis) Associated weather patterns in front of warm front : cold air-temp. drops wind is south easterly -not much rain as warm front comes : cirrus clouds starts appearing ahead of warm front (halo effect ) temp rises-gentle , long duration rainfall . In the warm sector, warm air-temp increases -wind direction is southerly-clear weather. as cold front comes : temp decreases-intense short duration rain-thunderstorms behind the cold front- further decreases -wind direction mainly north easterly and northerly. conclusion ETC plays an important role in the unpredictable weather of many countries in the mid-latitudes having said that , it is less destructive, and offers a conducive environment for a high standard of living.

Answer 7

``` Energy Security IEA defines as uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price, so that other national priorities can be met eg: now west asia dependence.foreign policy independence India's Energy security india ranks 81 position in overall energy self sufficiency at 66% in 2014 . India's energy mix fossil fuels nuclear renewable energy except 6 , all states power surplus kerala 2 % deficit. deficient in crude based energy sources. potential of different energy sources thermal forms around 57 % energy use india have 3rd largest coal reserves esp gondwana coal , mainly around eastern staes Largely self sufficient still import there Govt policy Shakti policy scheme for harnessing and allocating of Koyla transparently in India Challenges high ash and sulphur content as drift origin environmental degradation global warming concerns tribal area protection as many are in coal area. crude only 30 % indigenously produced. mainly Bombay High/KG fields -other potential areas identified HELP policy tie up with other countries. challenges Low resource base poor distribution network huge investment needed technological inadequacy Subtopic 3 NAtural Gas 6% reliant on other countries our reserves in Rewa and KG basis focus area for future Covered under HELP challenges low resource base and connectivity low participation of private players government policy paralysis. Hydro 4 % , especially in Himalayan states and WG region highly untapped upto its potential Challenges large gestation period and cost Reservoir induced seismicity koyna dam, maharashtra earthquake environment degradation public protests esp tribal regions inter state water disputes Renewable 3% -includes solar, wind, small hydro and biomass renwed focus Paris climate treay JNNSM, ISA, Wind energy policy, 1 GW target by 2022 challenges away from consumption areas land availability battery technology reliance on foreign tech inability to act as a standalone power source Nuclear 2% target 63 GW by 2032 10 more stations planned juda mines Monazite raw material 3 stage nuclear energy production model. we are in second . FBR. third is thorium challenges public perception, . high cost of power, waste disposal, international nuclear regime international dependency way forward need reformed integrated energy policy in tune with the needs of present and years to come must cover both internal and external sources of energy with clear targets and strategies to achieve this steps like strategic policy reserve , long term contracts with UAE ``` industrial geography d

Answer 8

Intro with expertise in producing mainly generic drugs, india has emerged as a leading player in pharma sector, catering to the needs of global south mainly , in the recent years. In india, the industry is located throughout , but a discernable concentration can be found along the western coast. eg: (in map ) kandla, ankleshwar, thane , nasik, marmagoa, ankleshwar Reasons footloose industry ie it does not require specific local resources) hence it can occur wherever the industrial feasibility criteria are met. in this context, the preponderance of this industry in western region because Presence of Ports It can help in import of main raw materials (API) as well as the export of finished products Market domestic market of better developed southern states and export market of africa and gulf proximity to the petrochemical hubs of the Gujarat and Maharashtra Fovourable state policy :Ease of doing business, stable policies of state government. Easy availability of capital (western part of India has traditionally been hub of trade and capital ) eg: Parsis, marwadis, baniyas Historical factors : spirit of entrepreneurship Skilled labour :around 60 % of engineering college seats fall in southern states and maharashtra Ayurvedic product firms also come up here because of availability of materials from western ghats then availability of land, water ,power etc conclusion india has many comparative advantages vis a vis other countries in pharma sector as such govt is promoting new centres in this field by drafting a new pharma policy which promotes setting up of Bulk drug and Pharmaceutical parks in private-public partnerships in other parts of the country.

Answer 9

Intro major industrial regions mumbai-pune, ahmedabad-vadodara, delhi-NCR, chennai-bangalore, kolkata-chottanagpur major mineral belts chottanagpur plateau region, eastern maharashtra, rajasthan -zawa belt (zinc, copper)karnataka iron ore belt industrial location is most ideal when it is near to the market/raw material. the pattern of our industrial location seems to be more away from raw materials. this is because of our peculiar pattern of industrial development (link statement ) draw maps causes for such a development British colonialism, they first settled in coastal areas, which were better developed by them. pattern continues. industrial revolution (demand ) in Britian didnt promote mineral based industries in India. Initial capital was available on these cities Our comparative advantage of Cotton,Jute etc which were labour intensive and hence promoted. also market was there in these cities.(also other infrastructure like power, water etc) relative inaccessibility meant the mineral rich regions didnt receive enough attention. consequences of such a development unequal pattern of development, resource rich regions being underdeveloped. heavy investment needed for transportation, to transport mineral raw materials to more developed cities (as they were market oriented) resource curse : the mineral rich region's resource do not benefit the local regions, but negatively impacts them alienation :poverty, unemployment, organised crime leading up to naxalism conclusion much has changed since independence . Govt used licensing policies, PSUs and creating industrial estates to spread industries into this region LPG reforms, coal-iron sector reforms (coal auction etc) also aided the process need of hour is to involve local population too in this development process. schemes like Prime Minister Khanij kshetra kalyan yojana, Backward region grant fund.

Answer 10

India dependence on monsoon (geo) and variations Agrarian unrest (social ) eg: TN farmers in New Delhi, rising dal and vegetable prices, maratha , jat agitation Why ? 1.monsoon dependence chidambaram-gamble on monsoon. 70% rainfall 4 months jun-september. temporally skewed. crucial for kharif cultivation rice, sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds.major foodgrain source. Right amount of quality water at right time crucial for crop but 45 % cropped area only irrigated. regionally skewed, north western part more benefitted. decreasing level of water table (NASA-0.3 m per year) , pollution of surface warer, inadequacy of storage mechanisms like dams reducing time of monsoons water Subtopic 3 india failed to reduce dependence evidences less irrigated areas, (45%) , corruption in irrigation projects less focus rainwater harvesting. less focus on micro irrigation projects traditional water conservation techniques. Vav of gujarat, tanka of rajasthan. poor crop planning sugarcane water intensive in water deficient area of marathwada less investment in R&D to develop drought resistant crops. inability to predict vagaries eg: IMD prediction off mark. poor history in multipurpose project, people not receptive eg: Narmada Bachao Andolan. what to be done? 1.Inter sectoral convergence better irrigation mechanisms , improve people resilience invest in drought proofing and better agro planning 2. Schemes PMKSY, IWMP,DPAP Subtopic 2 2. Faulty MSP policy favouring water intensive crops like rice, wheat. not pulse, oilseeds 3.Working of APMC committee politicised no linkage between markets. 3.Less spread of institutional credit mechanism cause high suicide 4.Exim policy of country. eg: FTA with Asean . rubber price fell.FTA promotes imports. 5.

Answer 11

Intro Indian climate is basically a Tropical Monsoon climate with the maximum rain falling in the post-summer time but Indian climate's complexity is increased by other factors, one of which is the western distrurbances A western disturbance is an extratropical storm originating in the Mediterranean region that brings sudden winter rain to the northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent. Origin of the Western Disturbances In the winter season, the Sub tropical jet (STJ) is bifurcated into two branches due to physical obstruction of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. One branch flows to the south of the Himalayas , while the second branch is positioned to the north of the Tibetan Plateau The STJ drives the temperate low pressures over Mediterranean Sea towards east across Afghanistan, Pakistan and reach north west India These storms are residual frontal cyclones which move at the height of 2000 metres from the mean sea level. On an average, 4 to 6 cyclonic waves reach north western India between October and April each other. show a figure Impact of western distrubances winter rain : Brings rain to the NW India ; one of the only two places in India with Winter rain (other Tamil Nadu) Crucial for rabi crop cultivation : wheat needs rain during this period of their development role in food security In upper altitudes, rain fall as snow- food glaciers of Himalayas, health of our rivers/global ecological significances Increases night time temperature -respite from cold winter nights Cultural significance- fesitvals like Lohri in Punjab, winter carnival in Manali winter rain : Brings rain to the NW India ; one of the only two places in India with Winter rain (other Tamil Nadu) Negative impacts Negative impacts also need to be mentioned heavy atmospheric disturbances can cause intense thunder storms and sometimes hailstorms, can damage the standing crop (recently it happened ) can also cause cold waves, and can result in casualties Conclusion western disturbances show how upper air wind patterns can influence the local weather of India it is key in the fact that it is more consistent and predictable than the monsoon rainfall system and hence can be well managed.

Answer 12

cyclone is large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure. cyclones are characterized by inward spiralling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure. even though both Bay of Bengal and Arabian sea cover more or less the same laitudes, the frequency of tropical cyclones are not the same there is about a 4:1 split in terms of number of cyclones between the bay of bengal and the arabian sea reason can by analysed on basic causes for cyclogenesis factors favouring cyclogenesis warm sea surface temperature (>26.5 degrees) large convective instability coriolis force no cyclone between 0and 5 as coriolis force is low low level positive vorticity weak vertical wind shear of horizontal wind why cyclone in Bay of Bengal >arabian sea higher sea surface temperature of BOB (>28 C) AS is in region of higher wind (from east african mountains ) also ocean currents- hence better mixing of heat BoB has influx of fresh water-which stabilises the water column (fresh water-less salinity -hence more buoyant ) -so inhibits mixing and promote hoarding of heat BoB is more land locked than the AS. cyclones that form over the bay of bengal are mainly remnants of typhoons over northwest pacific (35 % of global total ) and move across south china sea to Indian seas (by trade winds) . such a source not available for AS. Super cyclone of 1999, hud hud cyclone in arabina sea dry air intrusion dry winds blow from west to east, bringing air devoid of moisture from the arabain peninsula (desert region ). dry air (without water vapour ) will literally choke tropical cyclones strong wind shear : monsoon trough causes strong wind shear in the region, which hampers cyclone development-wind shear due to 2 types of winds. (SW monsoons winds in lower atmosphere and tropical easterly jet in upper atmosphere conclusion even though the contrast between the 2 seas are stark , exceptions of prominent cyclones like Okhi and 2015 gujarat cyclones, show that AS is not immune from cyclones but an awareness about this pattern helps us to deploy our sources in an optimal manner and predict the track and impact of major cyclones.

Answer 13

Intro Indian climate is one of the complex climatic system with influence ranging from local heating patterns to global wind conditions Ocean currents is an important components of this complexity even though the influence of the currents which fringes our coast is less, other currents have considerable influence due to 'global telecommunications' (like el-nino) Draw diagrams Impact of el-nino El-nino is the periodic replacement of cold peruvian/humboldt current with warm current , due to shift in trade wind direction (warm phase of Enso Circulation ) It adversely impacts, the monsoon circulation , by modifying the walker circulation with Hardley cell Frequency of cyclones reduces due to increased wind shear and divergence A variant of el-nino is modoki , which wars the central pacific that eastern pacific , it also affects indian climate negatively. Influence of Ocean currents Impact of la-nina it is time when the normally cold Peruvian/Humboldt Current becomes even colder (cold phase of ENSO circulation ) this strengthens the walker circulation and favours the Indian monsoon cyclones increase Impact of somali current somali jet intensifies the somali current @ the upwelling which strengthens the Mascarene High , which is one of the source of monsoon winds Conclusion The influence of Ocean currents, flowing miles away from the Indian mainland , on Indian climate is an epitome to show how complex the climate is it also shows how any local change in these attributes can bring about globally drastic changes this assumes new significance in the times of global warming induced atmospheric changes and the onus upon the mankind to act on it. (here we are trying to link to macro scale )

GS1 Flashcards

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