Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Peds > GU > Flashcards

GU Flashcards

(49 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Variations in the pediatric GU system: infants

A

Tubules have less surface area = decreased water absorption
More prone to excess fluid volume and dehydration. Cannot concentrate urine very well
Immature renal system = inability to handle increased protein intake
Sodium excretion is lower = less able to adapt to Sodium loss or excess
UOP 1-2 ml/kg/hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Variations in the Pediatric GU system: Toddler/Preschool

A

Control of bladder sphincters does not occur before the age of 2
Renal system is maturing/GFR is almost at adult levels
Urethra is shorter in females vs males
UOP 0.5 ml/kg/hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Variations in the pediatric GU system: school age

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance is stable
Specific gravity similar to adult
Bladder capacity increases
UOP = 0.5-1 ml/kg/hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Variations in the pediatric GU system: adolescents

A

Renal function now same as adult
Bladder capacity same as adult
UOP = 40-80 ml/hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum
Usually descend on their own by 6-12 months of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of crytorchidism

A

low testosterone
absent or defective testes
structural issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most at risk for crytorchidism

A

More common in premature infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Complications of cryptorchidism

A

Infertility
Testicular cancer
Poor growth of testes
Testicular torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Treatment of cryptorchidism

A

Orchiopexy- should be done before age 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Blasser exstrophy

A

Anomaly in which the lower portion of the abdominal wall and anterior bladder wall are missing
Draining urine will be seen (glistening)
Can be associated with malformed urethra in females and epispadias in males
Must be corrected within 48-72 hours of birth
Prior to surgery cover exposed bladder with plastic wrap or sterile bag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Post-op bladder exstrophy

A

Maintain alignment (avoid abduction)
Maintain skin integrity
Strict monitor of I’s and O’s
Pain management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Testicular torsion

A

Twisting of the testes and spermatic cord, causing vascular engorgement and ischemia
Most common cause of scrotal pain in males 12 yr+
Caused most often from trauma
EMERGENCY
90% chance of saving testes if intervention occurs within 6 hours of onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Symptoms of testicular torsion

A

Scrotal pain
Severe abd pain
N/V
Scrotal swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatment of testicular torsion

A

Surgical treatment. If delayed will lead to necrosis requiring removal of the affected testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypospadias

A

Meatus opens on the VENTRAL surface of the penis
Very common
Usually associated with ventral curvature of the penis (chordee)
Surgery to repair by extending the urethra into a normal position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Epispadias

A

Meatus open on the DORSAL surface of the penis
Rare condition
Often associated with bladder exstrophy
Surgery to repair by lengthening and straightening the penis to and creating a more distal urethral opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypospadias and epispadias nursing care

A

Educate family NO circumcision prior to surgical repair
Typically repaired after 12 mos of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Post-op care for hypospadias/epispadias

A

Monitor urinary drainage and tube/stent
Care of compression dressing
Prophylactic antibiotics
Pain management/antispasmodics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hydrocele

A

Fluid filled mass in the scrotum
Presents as swelling or palpable non-tender mass in inguinal or scrotal area
Typically resolve on its own by 1 year of age
Typically painless
Typically benign and NOT associated with infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inguinal hernia

Study These Flashcards
A

Occurs when abd tissue extends into the inguinal canal
Palpable non-tender mass proximal to the scrotum
One of the most common conditions in children
Surgery is required immediately if hernia becomes incarcerated
Otherwise surgery can wait and is usually done after 3 mos. of age

21
Q

What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

Study These Flashcards
A

The retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys resulting in urine reflux into the renal pelvis causing causing hydronephrosis and kidney damage

22
Q

Types of VUR

Study These Flashcards
A

Primary VUR: congential anomaly
Secondary VUR: caused by UTI or obstruction in the urinary tract

23
Q

Symptoms of VUR

Study These Flashcards
A

Dysuria
Fever
Hematuria
Frequency
Urgency
Lethargy
Anorexia
Nocturia
Flank and/or abd pain
Vomiting

24
Q

VUR treatment

Study These Flashcards
A

Prophylactic antibiotics
Surgical resection of ureter
Prevention of UTI’s/pylonephritis
Bladder emptying education
Voiding routines
Routine VCUG and cultures

25
VUR diagnostics
Urinalysis Urine culture Renal/bladder ultrasound VCUG
26
UTI
Infection involving the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra Escherichia coli is responsible for 90% of all UTI's
27
UTI diagnostics
UA (blood, nitrites, WBC, bacteria) Culture w/ sensitivity
28
UTI risk factors
Incomplete bladder emptying Infrequent voiding Uncircumcised males Improper hygiene Females Constipation
29
UTI symptoms
Fever Anorexia V/D Strong smelling urine Irritability
30
UTI Prevention
Teach girls to wipe front to back Keep hydrated No bubble baths Cotton underwear Urinate before and after sex No "holding it"
31
Pathology of acute glomerulonephritis
Infection: post skin or pharynx infection with group A strep Immune response: inflammation of glomeruli and obstruction from strep antibodies Increased vascular permeability: protein, RBCs, and red cell casts excreted
32
Symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis
Sudden onset: hematuria, proteinuria, & RBC casts Oliguria COLA COLORED URINE Mild-moderate edema Mild-severe HTN Abd pain Fever Malaise
33
Diagnostics for acute glomerulonephritis
UA (+ protein, RBC, WBC) Urine specific gravity (>1.020) Serum ESR (high) BUN/Creatinine (High) Antistreptolysin-O Test/ASO (+)
34
Treatment for acute glomerulonephritis
Bedrest Antibiotics (7-10 days) Antihypertensives Diuretics Corticosteroids Diet --> Low Sodium Maintain fluid volume
35
Follow-up for acute glomerulonephritis
UA: 2, 4, 6 weeks and 4, 6, 12 months or until UA returns to normal Serum creatinine: 2, 6, 12 months or until UA returns to normal
36
Complications of acute glomerulonephritis
Hypertensive encephalopathy Pulmonary edema CHF Renal failure
37
What is nephrotic syndrome
Disorder of the glomeruli defined by the presence of: Massive proteinuria Severe edema Hyperlipidemia Hypoalbuminemia Hypoproteinemia
38
Pathology of nephrotic sydrome
Initial cause unknown --> Glomeruli become permeable to proteins --> Massive proteinuria & hypoalbuminemia --> Decreased osmotic pressure --> Fluid shifts into interstitial fluid --> Kidneys conserve Na and water --> Massive edema --> Liver increases lipid production --> Hyperlipidemia
39
Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome
Anorexia, irritability, fatigue Edema (periorbital, scrotal, and labial) Oliguria, ascites, N/V Hypertension
40
Treatment of nephrotic syndrome
Corticosteroids Diuretics Antihypertensives Antibiotics Potassium supplements Restricted sodium and high protein diet Strict I&O and daily weight Monitor UA and BP
41
Pathology of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Ingestion of E. Coli Bloody diarrhea illness Toxin attaches to glomeruli Hemolytic anemia thrombocytopenia Acute renal failure
42
HUS symptoms
Mild proteinuria Decreased platelets Bloody diarrhea Increased BUN and creatinine Bruising Decreased RBC Anorexia
43
HUS Treatment
Contact precautions x 17 days Strict I&O Diuretics Anti-hypertensives Renal diet Peritoneal dialysis RBC/Platelet infusion Prevention education
44
What is primary enuresis
Most common Child has never had a dry night D/T maturational delay and small fx of bladder Not associated with stress
45
What is secondary enuresis
Child begins bedwetting after being relatively dry for 3-6 months IS associated with stress and psychiatric issues Also can be D/T infection or sleep disorders
46
What is diurnal enuresis
Daytime incontienence Usually d/t holding urine Can be secondary to constipation, stress, UTI, and laughing
47
What is nocturnal enuresis
Nighttime bedwetting Typically subsides on it's own by 6 years of age Can be secondary to increase of fluid intake at night, sleep apnea, UTI, constipation, emotional stress, sexual abuse
48
Management of diurnal enuresis
Rule out physical causes Beh training: Set voiding schedule Increase fluids during day to increase frequency
49
Management of nocturnal enuresis
Rule out physical causes Limit fluid intake after dinner Limit caffeine and chocolate Wake to void at 11 PM Medications Pull-ups when away from home Bed alarms

Peds (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions