Gu Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
What’s normals output per day?
What amount do you usually void?
A
1500 ml/ say
Usually void when 200-600ml
2
Q
5 function of kidney and wtd?
A
- Remove wast from blood in urine form
- Regulate electrolytes and acid base balance
- Control BP from agiotensin release
- Regular RBC production
- Synthesis of vitamin D to active form
3
Q
What’s bowmans capsule
A
Glomerulus here and filter for urine
4
Q
Proximal tubule wtd
A
Site of reabsorption
5
Q
Loop of henle wtd
A
Site for further filter ruins through reabsoption . Where diuretics work ex: lasix and bumex
6
Q
Collecting tubules wtd
A
release urine
7
Q
What forms urine?
A
Glomerular filtration
8
Q
Geriatric consideration 9
A
- Yearly decrease in glomerular p 35-45
- Decrease flow to kids
- acid base imbalance
- Poly pharmacy incr drug metabolites filt by kids
- Hypernatremia and fvd more common- thirst sensn
- Being prostate hyperplasia
7 Incomplete bladder empty and bladder wall contr 8 decrease
9 Urinary incontinence
9
Q
Risk factors for GU disorders 8
A
strep disorder chronic renail failure 2-3wks later increase age- uti BPH invasive procedure- cysto, foley ut immobile- stones diabetes- renal F, neurogenic bladder hypertension- renal failure multiparous women- stress incont neurologic disorder- parkinson and mutliple scler
10
Q
Signs and symptoms of urinary tract disease Pain where 5 places
A
- pain
- ureteral- cva flank radiates to abdomen thighs and gental area
- bladder- lower abd and suprapubic area
- urethra- male penis to meatus female urethra to meatus cariable severe w voiding
- prostatic- perineum and rectum
11
Q
changes in voiding 11
A
frequency, urgency, dysuria, nocturia, retention, incontinence, hesitancy, enuresis, hematuria, proteinuria, bacteria
12
Q
frequency- def and 3 diseases
urgency - def and 2 disease
dysuria
A
more often- infection. disease, diuretics
urgency- strong desire, prostate and infection
painful
13
Q
incontinence
nocturia- important
A
involuntary loss of urine
more than 2x night
14
Q
hesitancy
enuresis
A
delay in voidign
involuntary during sleep
15
Q
output of urine hr
A
30ml/hr
16
Q
anuria how much
A
less than 55ml in 24 hrs- hemodialysis
17
Q
polyuria how much
2 diseas
A
more than 2500ml in 24 hrs
DKA CHF
18
Q
UTD s/s overall
A
pain in 5 places
changes in voiding
GI symptoms- share autonomic innervation, N/V abd distention discomfort diarrhea
19
Q
name 3 disease that urologic disorder may mimic that make diagn difficult.
3 s/s for each
A
appenditis- fever, chill, pain on right side
ulcer- open sore upper abd painn
cholecystitis- rigid abd, NV
20
Q
health history important
A
onset, duratiob, hx of uti, fever, chillsm decr urine, discharge
21
Q
physical exam
kidney- skin
A
- inspect edema, pallor, hydration
shouldnt be able to palpate on attempt
costovertebral angle tenderness
22
Q
what is costvertebral angle tenderness CVA
A
patient behind, 12 rib, tenderness,
where intercoastal ribs meet
23
Q
physical exam bladder 3
A
palpate for fullness location
height usually if distended
24
Q
meatus exam3
A
edema redness and drainage
25
prostate exam
digital rectal exam- hyperplasia- enlargement of prostate in older men
26
urinalysis
what is ass
how to do
idenify abnmlty
clean catch or midstream is used
midsteam is better and clean before
27
urine C and S
| cult and sens.
identify bacteria and totreat w appr antibiotic
28
```
normal UA result
color
opacity
sp gvty
osmot
ph
negative
RBC, WBC
Sediment and bacteria
```
1. yellow to amber
clear- opacity ,
odor- faintly romatic
GLucose ketones protein negative- if present renal disease diabetes
RBC, sediment, bacteria and WBC negative
29
Spec gravity on UA
range
why decrease and increase 3 for each
normal 1.005 - 1.03
decrease- diab insipidus- glumernephritis, renal failure
incr- chf, hep disorders, dehydr.
30
normal osmolality on UA
250-900-
| ability of kidneys to dilute and concentrate
31
ph on UA
| ranges
5.8- 8
average is 6
more than 7- uto, alkaline diet, alkalosis (lighhead confused twitching) meds
less than 5- high protein fever and acidosis (SOB, sleepy tachycardia)
32
what is GFR ?
| norm range
rate which glumeruli filter blood
| 125 ml per minute
33
what can affect GFR
age
| usually decreases with age
34
creatinine measure ?
how to
1 implemen
most accurate meas of glumer. filtration
do 24 hr urine collection to check level
also do serem creatinine halfway through 12 hrs
35
GFR equatn
volume of urine x urine creatinine divided by serum creatine
36
what urine creatine level vs serum
serum 0.7 to 1/4
| urine - 125
37
BUn level and important
| how effected, and 5
10-20- end product of protein met, kids excrete nitrogen waste
can affects by (meds, dehydr), prtn intake, tissue breakdown fluid volume changes
38
Glucose when show on UA 4
stress, pregnancy, high carb meal and BG 170
39
KUB image xray
why
asses 2
limited purpose
kids, ureter bladder size position
calculi or lesions
40
Ultrasonography
| 2 imple
use sounf depth of structure below skin
| done on full bladder no special care p
41
Bladder US
| 2 consid
measures urine volume bladder
| portable and handheld
42
CT or MRI
to see
consider
cross section view kid and GI tracr
| can use oral or IV contrast
43
Nuclear scan what is
shows
implementation
injection radioisotope
shows kidney perfusion
increase fluids for excretion
44
Intrav Pyelogram IVP
can see 5
implementation5
visualize entire unrinary tract
show calculi, size and shape tumor, pyelonephritis
check alergies for contrast, laxitive night a, NPO 8hrs
or clear liquids, may feel flushed, warm salty taste when inj dye
45
how to check pedal oulses
at same time
46
voiding cystourthrograogy
how its done
1 thing checks
catheter contract into bladder for xrays taken while voiding
shows ureter reflex (pee coming back ureters-bad)
47
renal angio gram
how done to check what 2 things
implnt-5
catheter stick in femoral iliac art, dye inject to check tumors or cyst
imp- check bleeding, color, pulse and temp of extr,
VS
48
cystoscopy
whats done
implnt- 5
PC- 3
lens insertered in urethra up to bladder
imp- NPO p midnt, monitor UTI, may have sligh pink urinep, warm moist heat/sitz bath disccofort, monitor retention
PC- bleeding, infection, dysuria
49
Percut Renal bx
used for what 2
impt- 7
pt report 2 things why
needle to get tissue, not done as much
diagn or progression of disease
impltn- NPO p midnt, prone immediate after the BR x 8hrs, IVF p prevent clots, respon to anagesics, asses bleeding (ASA and anticoag), monitor urine,avoid stenuos actvty for 2 wks
Pt report backache, flank pain radiate to groin (clot in ureter)
50
when use renal or uretal brush bx
| 2
privide specific info p abnm crat finding of ureter or
| pelvis detected
51
Chronic kidney disease GFR
GFR decrease more than 3 months
52
chronic kidney disease can result in
| whhat ?
end stage renal disease ESRD
53
4 risk factors for chronic kidney disease
CAD DM HTN obesity
54
5 causes pf chronic kidney diseas
DM HTN, (glum.nephritis pye.nephritis), herdity or congenital disorders, and renal cancer
55
5 manifestation of chronic kidney disease
```
increase creatinine
anemia- decr erythoprotein by kids
metablic acidosis- lethargy and tachypnea
calcium and phosphorus
fluid retention
```
56
what 3 disease to treat to drecease pregression of CKd
HTN
hyperglycemia
proteinuria
57
Nephrosclerosis
def and 2 factors
tx-3
hard renal art d/t HTN DM
| treatment control BP amd BG, renal replcmnt thpy
58
acute glum.nephritis def AGN
inflammation of kid affects capillary bundle of glum
59
onset of Acute Gum.nephritis usually follows what 6 disease
```
URI (strep) 2-3wks before AGN- cause injury
impetigo
mumps
hep B
HIV infections,
varicella
```
60
S/s AGN 6
```
hematuria- may be cola color RBC
edema
azotemia- lot waste prodct in blood thats usually
filtered out by kids
mailase
decrease out
CVA and flank
```
61
Diagnt test for AGN 4
| 1 impl
UA, CBC, step titer, renal bx
may have low Hand H from blood loss
62
potential comps AGN 4
ESRD
Hypersensitivity encephalopathy
HF- bloated, SOB, chest pain
Pulmonary edema- wheezing distant h.s
63
Elderly pts AGN
| PC 4
circulatory overload
dyspnea
cardiomegaly
atyp neuro change
64
Med managemnt to treat symp of AGN 5
antibiotic- strep PCN 1- emycin 2
diuretic- if HTN
bedside until protein and hemauria subside
sterioids-inflammaton
diet- low protein low sodium fluids restrictied , high cal and carb
CHO- energy and protein
65
what last resort for recovery AGN
dialysis
66
Notify s/s for of what 2 PC in AGN?
| 3 s/s for one
renal failure- fatigue nasea vomitting decr urine
| infecton
67
AGN- what to give for emergy and reduce protein
CHO liberally
68
Chronic glom. nephritis
what happens
who may present to first 3
HTN, hyperlipidemia, dm nephrosclerosis may present in first
KIdney shrisk 1/5 normal size and arteries thicken
acute may go to chronic
69
Sympt CGN
general
ss that specfc- 5
HTN edema, incr BUN and CRTN
weight loss, nocturia, headache, dizziness retinal changes
70
What complication occur late in CGN
peripheral neuropathy and confusion
71
lab abdn CGN 6 all
| 2 spec
hyperkal, acidosis, anemia hypoalbumin
increase phosph decrease calcium
72
Intervention CGN 3
HBV- dairy products, eggs, meats- good
calories to spare protein
detection of UTI
73
Discharge Teaching 4-
| long term
BP control,
dialysis, assess site, fluid rest
diet
Rept- NV decrease urin output hematuria edema
74
Nephrotic syndr
5 causes and dx
ss
intervention
CGN, DM, lupus MYELOMA, renal vein thrombosis
dx- needle bx of kidney
ss- PROTEINURIA- color 3.5g/d. PITTING EDEMA- periobital- hypoalb,hyplip
same as AGN- antibiotic , bedrest, steriods diet,
diuretic
75
Renal trauma- cause ,
how pt feel/ happens 5
ss-5
mngt- 6
cause by injry to flank, back, upper abd pain- bruising or lacercn, rupture kidney- decr HR
ss pain hematuria (mo com)swelling in flank ECCHYMOSIS wounds, SHOCK with hemmorage
contol hemorhage ,pain,infection, H/H freq , tx quick if surg,
br-hematuria minot lacn- until hem clear
76
bladder injury - def, 3PC, mngt
pelvic trauma with multiple trauma to low abd when when
PC-hemorrhage, shock, SEPSIS- treat quickly
mangt- surgery repair of laceration
77
UTI
common sites
causes 2
pathogen in bladder, urthrea prostate kidney (pye.nephritis) sterile above ureter- upper or lower
GI contamination commn cause- pressure on female urethr sex icr risk
78
urethrovesical refux
AKA
how happens
can be from reflex urine
| coughing sneezing incr force urine to urethra, press back normal urine flows back into bladder BACTERIA
79
Risk factor UTI 6
```
retention
urine stasis and residual 100ml and less
bladder destn and obstr
met diseas DM and gout
Nueroloic disorders and cogn impairment
decrease host defnese
pregnancy
```
80
Prevention of UTI 5
```
void q 2-3 hrs
front to back, shower instead bath
cotton under[aons
pericare p and a intercouse- void imm
drink fluids-
```
81
UT drinks iriitants 4 and 2 drink to have
coffee tea cola alohol
| acidity urine with abs of Vit C and Cranberry - bring down ph
82
cystitis (lowe UTI)
3 causes
ss-6
mngt 2 meds
bladder inf from ureter- urine backflow, fecal contm, cath
ss/ freq and urgency, burn urine (hesitancy) noctiria
suprapubic pain, hematuria, NV PYURIA (pus)
sulfa and macrodantin 3-4 day or 7-10 days longer if complct/ reoccurant fluid intake
83
Urethritis
important
ss/ males 3 females-4
mngt-3
males usually caused by gono (us caused by chymd)
ss- m- inflam, purulent drainage burnign urine
f- may have none /may discharge/can result in steriltiy and usually not dign
mng- antibiotic F/u, secual part tested, hydrated
84
Acute Plyenephritis
causes- 7
ss- 5 halmark
tx 4
infec renal pelvis, tube kidney tiss, freq sec to urine back up and obstr
causes- bact infect- E coli most commen, from
proteus, psuedomonas, staph, strep
CVA Flan, Fever childs dysuria, freq and urg MAIlaise. PUS, BCTRA and white cells in urine
tx antibiotic, fluid, rest, drink acidity
85
Chronic Pyelonephritis
1 imp
ss4
tx7
persistant kid infla can lead to chr renal fail
s/s usually asympt-vague flank pain, fatuwye occasional
fever bacturia
tx antibiotic 2-6mo, antiemtic, fluids, pain meds, urin sesptics- discomfort, br
86
UTI all diet
| acid food -6
fluid 3000 day
| acid- canberry, prune vit c bread meats eggs
87
```
Urinary antiinfective
med name
do
s.e-3
imp3
```
nitrofurantoin
disinfect urn tract
s.e- nv, gi upsey, DiaRrhea
impl - give c food may discolor urine i and o
88
```
sulfonamide
med
do
se3
implnt4
```
co-trimozalone
bacteriostatic
s.e- gi upset headache HYPOGLYCEMIA
imp-c lots fluids, fullcorsem monitor BG I and o
89
Flouroniqinolen
med
do 5
se
implication
levofloxacin
bacterstaic, coli, monas enter coccas URETHRITS
s.e- tendonitis/rupture, gi headache HYPER OR HYPERGLYCEMIA
imp- sensty reatn, muscloskelt compkant monitor BG
90
Anagecis UTI
med
1 per action se impl
phenazopyridine
action mucosa
s.e - will discolor urine
impl- not anti biotic
91
UrOlithiasis
important 5
what ist cause 3
stones inn bladder calculi, more commen in men, uncommon in blaks and kids
cause ischemia, elim prob, an UTI
ss- usual sever pain,
most common caise of urin obstn
92
Factors favor stone8
| meds diet, disease, body func
```
lower fluid-
change in ph
diet- hi calcium, vit D oxalates (spinach beets fied potatoe nut butters)
immobility
obstrn- also infection
foreign body
met fact- hyperthyr. hi uric acid genetic systiine met,
Inflamm bowel disease
fam history
meds- laxatice anatacis ASA DIAmox
```
93
calcium stone 3
most comm
small to big
staghorns
94
oxalate stoen
oxalate diet
| second most commin
95
struviate stone 2
bacteria alkaline in urine
96
uric acid 3
increase u.a dehrdtion low urine ph
97
cystine 1
rare inherited decfect of cystine an amino acid
98
Stone manifestation renal pelvis 3
deep ache in CVA down to bladder nv renal colic
99
stone manif ureter
obctrn
| UTI hematuria retention id obstr
100
General stone s/s 3
diaphoresis restless pain in GI (nv diarrh)
101
PC of stones 4
obstn- renal impairment
pylen- infection
tissue irrtn- renal abcess contr to cancer
urosepsis
102
s.s obst 1
small but freq voiding
103
UTI ss5
chills fevr dysuria freq and hesist
104
Relieve pain stones 3
narcotic heat pad/ bath
| position of comfort
105
PC of stones
UTI, VS for infection, all urine strain in guage for pa
106
PT teachign stonnes 7
| diet, do at home call md
```
restrict ptn- 60g day
na 3-4 g
avoide oxalate
dont want to limit calcium- ostepars.
high fluid 1-2hrs more than 2l day water, awakenin
straining urine home
MD UTI sign or increase pain
```
107
Stones managmet surgical 4
ESWL- shock- icr fld, pass in few days
ureteroscopy- lazer destroy- basket
Perct nephrostomy/ nephrolith.- utrasound waves to
pulverize stone
108
What surgery to do for stones if pt have kid measure
Nerphectomy-
109
Diet and meds per stone
| 1.calcium intake 3 meds 3
1. no restrict CA unless high, rest protein, acid diet avoid cal/alumn hydroxide anatacid, amphogel
Med- Cellulose sodium phosphate- redc absn,
hydracholorothiazide- thiazide diutcs,
lithostat,
110
uric acid stone mngt
| dos donts 2 meds
avoid- hi in purine , limit ptn- no alch, fasting crash diet
do- alkaline diet
med allopurinol- rdc kevel
sodium bicard-icr ph
111
purine foods 5
shellshish anchovies, asparegus, mushroom, organ meats
112
oxalate foods 7
spinish strabrry rhubarb chocalte tea penut wheat brain
113
cystine2 and struvite 1t mngt
cystine low proetin alkalin diet
| struviate- antibiotc for bact
114
Alkaline diet4
| Acid diet5
milk vegt rhurab most fruits
| cranberry, prunes/plum eggs bread meat
115
```
Urethra stricture
2 import
3 causes
ss3
1 pc
mgntt 2
```
narrowing urethra;- congtnt or accrq
cause - injury, gon. urethretis, born w it
ss- overflow incontin strainin, decreased force urine
PC- hydronephrosis
mgnt - dilation, surgical removal
116
hydronephritis
causes 5
ss4
mngt 3
urine traps in pxml to bladder
casuse- stone tumor, scar tiss,urteral str BPH
ss- may none, flank pain, infected UTI ss, may have hematuria
mngt- antibc remove obtr, may urinary diversion
117
Bladder cancer risk factor 3 main 6 others
(Caucasian, men, over 55,)
smoke chemical like ink leather paint, chronic UTI, high PH, high CHO intake, Pelvic radiation therapy, mestasis from prosate, colon, rectum
118
Bladder cancer
ss
3 test
painless hematuria
| diagn test UA IVP Cysto
119
Management of bladder cancer
| 5
radiation BGC med- inject chemo-retain gluid 2 hrs then void
local resection or tatal cystectomoy c diversion
120
urinary diversion types
cutaneous and continent
121
urinary diversion pre op 5 intvnt
clean bowel, low res diet, antibiotic fluid
| may neeed hyperlimentation TPN mark stoma location
122
ileal conduct
3 impot
PC 5
ureters attact to intestin- pouch for urine- watertight if leaks mucous encourage fluid
PC-infection dishenc, urin leakage small bowel obst,
stoma gangrene- not ntomal see stool in drainage
123
Assess diversion mangtnt
| 6
```
check appliance early am
avoid moist soap
avd food strn odor- apra eggs cheese
liquid odorizer- white vineger ascorbic acid PO
change when 1/3 full
```
124
uretersigmostomy
3 pts for
4 impltn
implant ureters in sigm colon- pelvic rdts small bowel disease or resection
some bowel inc may occur q 2 hr- likelu watery and some degree noctia
anal pictr- contol of void defect
may have cather in rectum- irrigate but dont force
125
Continent Ileal urinary resev (Indiana pouch ) 5
| kock pouch 2
most common content diversion ileam and cecum form reser. Ureters anastomased- narrow part of the ileam and ter terniem ileum to sq tissure
cath inserted to drain
kock pouch-nipple on valve prevnt leakage, in males opuch connect to end urethra for more normal voiding
126
post op Indiana puch
| 5 -how look, teaching
```
stoma- beefy red moist
UOP- less than 30cc hr
watch for dehydration obstruction
body image
teach pt how to drain c cath
```
127
Indiana pouch 5 PC
| 1 intvnt
Atelectasis
skin irrit- bleed, infect,
Perotonitis
Stoma ischema pink- dark color- vascular compr
Stoma restraction and separtion
Ascorbic acid to keep urine ph below 6.5- alkaline inscr around stoma
128
Benign Prostate hyperplasia
6 risk factors
7 ss
most men over 50 some enlrg
90% men 85yrs old
risk- smoking etoh HTN CV disease DM, incr age
ss- urinary elimination problem, straining dribbling, UTI , nocturia decre force urine chronic retn (azotemia and renal fail)
129
diagn test BPH 6 ,2 spec
dital exam UA CBC- clotting facr
Urodynamics
PSA- antigen normal 4 can be slight elec BPH abd prostatis
130
Compication of BHP 4
hydroureter, hydroneph, pylephrutis renal failure
131
Medical treatment BHP 7 surgical
waiting- no obstn or comps ok
balloon dialation- sht term
suprapubic cath
transurethra; needle abliation- destroy tiss
microwat therapy
TRansurethr lase resect- less bleeed TUIP
TUIP- electric laser incisn to decrease rest to urine flow
132
Meds for BHP 3
Aplha block- terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin -obstn
antiandrogen- dustasteride, finasteride- block DHT -
erectile dysfunct gynecomasty and flushing
Saw palmetto herb
133
```
Turps trans. resect, proatste
preop-2
post-3
meds2 and se
teach 5
```
take inner part or entire gland
preop- 3 way foley and pain from bladder spasm
post- irigattion 36-48hrs decr bleeding clots- rate for pink urine NS 50cc for clots assess for clots,
meds probanthine-antichol- se palptn blurred vision no glucoma, antispamotics for bladder. Bella and opium cause tachy, confus, consti,
teach-bladder exercise, stool softner, fluid clear, only mD for cath, mintor bleding 2 weeks
134
Prostate Cancer
risk factors 4
clinical mainfest
most prevelent in AA males men p 40 ecam yearly
familu, diet hi fat, chemical exhst fumes, fertilizer chems increase with age
usually none early then obstruct later, painfull eject blood in urine if bladder, may mestasis to boone or lymph nods
135
diagnt test 4 prostate cancer
tissue prostectomy
PSa- norm less 4
PAP PAA notmal 2.5-3.7 mestaistx effetv
DRE- advnced lesion stony-hard and fox
136
prostate cancer
| medical managemt 5
1. surgery standard- laparoscomy radical prost
2. radiation- found early- ext(teletherapy 6-7 wks daily) interna(brachyther)-seed implant- avoid pregn and 2 mo old- strain urine for seed use condom 2wks implant
3. Hormone tx- control not cure mnthy inj LEUPROLIDE prevent progge-
4. orchiectomy-testes
5. take estrogen
137
```
epidymitis
3 impt things
pc-3
manifest-5
mangment 6 , no to 2
meds-3
```
infection from protate or UTI usually unilateral, may take 4 weeks normal, remove if reoccurance or no resp treatemt
PC- orchitis, abcess, sterility
manifest severe pain and tenderness dysur, freq, fevr, WBC 20-30k
mang- 24hrs onset spermatic cord anethsia, BR 3-5 ,days elevate scrotum (ice), later heat sitz bath. no straining or sex, lifting until undercontrol
MEds- analgesics, antipyretic antibiotic
138
prostatis
| 4 manifest
can be acute chronic viral or bactr
| manifest buring, nocturia pain in peri and rectal pain ejaculation and fever
139
acute chronic s/s prostatitis
acute- sudden fever low back urinary symp
chronic major cause reoccurant UTI, fever and temp uncommon
140
managemtn protatitis
3 meds
3 home
```
antibiotic- sufla drugs 30 days - months
vira- NSAIDs
analgesics
do not force fluids-med
avd- codee chocolate alcohol spices
f/u 6mo -12
```
141
erectile dysfunct
9 causes
test- 1
age 40=70 causes- anxty fatique
diseases- occlusive vasc disease, endocrine dis, chronic renail failure GU condit hematol, neuro, trauma etoh meds drug abuse
test- noctural penile tumescence- organic or psycologcal isssue - healthy men paralled Rapid eye move
142
Pharmalogical erectile dysfunction
(PDE-5) time
se-3
contrainct7
phosphodiesterase (PDE-5)- sildenafil,vardenafil, tadafil- take one hour beforelast 60=120 min
se- headache flushing dyspepsia
contr- nitration uncontroled BP CAD MI (6mo)cardiac dysm kid or liver dysfn
143
Erectile dysfn
VAsoactives
time
meds PC
alprostadi papaverine phentolamin
inj directlu into penic
PC- priapism- persist erectn abnm
inhect 20 min before last 20 minutes
144
Erectile dyfn
| urethra; suppositiry
used 2 day
COntra- pregnt women
inset 10 minute sbefore inte last 1 hr
145
SUrgical erectile dyfn
| 3 PC
penile implants- inflama rod prosethesis
| PC infection erosion persistant painn
146
Phimosis
what is it
tx
foreskin cannot be restacted from poor hygience
| use steriod cream
147
Paraphimosis
what is it
PC 2
Tx
foreskin not reurned over glas once restracted
causes venous conge edema enlargemtn of glan
PC arterial occlusion necrosis
tx pressing firmly 5 mins to reduce edema and size then move skin
148
Nephrotic syndrome management 4 food meds3
Diuretic(sometme) ace inhibitors steroid
| Tx hyperlipidemia mod- protein and CHO
