Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Hayders Phase 2A > GU > Flashcards

GU Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what can predispose somone to testicular torsion,

epidemiology

A

Bell clapper deformity
boys 11-3 is peak age
5-30 is range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the presentation for testicular torsion

A

Sudden onset of unilateral testicular pain
nausea and vomiting
fever
suprapubic abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Management of testicular torsion

what’s the optimum operation time

A

emergency, surgically operate, ask consent for potential orchidectomy
operate and untwist testicle and fixate testicle to back of scrotum
optimum operation time within 6 hours
only do investigation if unsure, Scrotal doppler ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

signs of testicular torsion

A

inflammation, tender hot and swollen enlargement
High riding testicle
horizontal laying testicle
pain doesn’t go away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

in what region does prostatic hyperplasia or carcinoma occur

A

in the intermittent transitional region of the prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia

A

Storing and voiding symptoms
frequency, urgency, bocturia, urgency incontinence
voiding
post void dribble, poor stream, hesitation (Haematuria and dysuria potential symptoms for carcinoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are complications of prostatic hyperplasia

A

retention, stone or renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what would fever with dysuria indicate

A

UTI Indicating Pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

signs of BPH

A

prostatic enlargement on DRE
Hard and irregular suggest Carcinoma
smooth and enlarged suggests BPH

abd exam shows palpable bladder
inspect External meatus for signs of STI or UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Differential for LUTS voiding and storing

A 
BPH
UTI 
Prostatic carcinoma 
Bladder cancer 
Overactive bladder 
prostatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Investigations for BPH

A

Urinalysis: MSU MS and C. all comes back clear, eliminates UTI
dipstick
DRE
PSA - elevation can suggest carcinoma or BPH
volume chart-
international prostate symptom score questionnaire

Other Ultrasound
CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Management of BPH

Conservative or in mild symptoms

A

Mild symptoms- watchful waiting, avoid Alcohol and caffeine. bladder training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Management of BPH

pharamacological

A

Orchidectomy is ideal however tends to be unwanted. since testosterone is linked to BPH. other cause is prostatic smooth muscle constriction

5 alpha reductase inhibitor - finasteride
Alpha Blockers- Tamsulosin
combination therapy

potentially anticholinergics or phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5 inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is treatment for overactive bladder syndrome

A

Anticholinergics- tolterodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Indications for surgery in BPH

A 
RUSHES
retention 
UTI recurrent
Stones
Haematuria 
elevated creatinine 
symptoms deterioration (uncontrolled)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Surgery options for BPH

A

Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)
Transurethral Incision of Prostate (TUIP)
Prostatectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is 5 alpha reductase inhibitors method of action

A

Inhibits conversion of testosterone to DHT DiHydrotestosterone (a more potent form of testosterone which can be linked to BPH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what investigation would you carry out if patient presents with LUTS and haematuria

A

same as the other: PSA, DRE, Urinalysis, fluid volume

Cystoscopy for all haematuria patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are symptoms of urinary retention

A 
Painful
confusion 
fever
flank pain 
LUTS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what can cause urinary retention

A 
any urethral obstruction 
BPH 
malignancy from outside
stones, urolithiasis
Anticholinergics 
Iatrogenic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

treatment of urinary retention

A

Urethral catheter and treat underlying causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is commonest renal tumour in adults

A

Renal cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the renal cell carconoma from

A

Proximal tubular epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

epidemiology risk factors age of onset of RCC

A 
55 y o 
Smoking obesity hypertension 
pre existing renal disease 
renal failure PCKD
Von Hippel lindau disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Clinical features of RCC | presentations and symptoms, cardinal signs
Malaise anorexia weight loss, pyrexia haematuria and loin pain and palpable mass in flank patients commonly present with metastasis decreased EPO causes anemia and polycythemia tumour secreting renin = hypertension
26
Investigations and diagnosis of RCC
Ultrasound - shows mass CT MRI- can be used to stage Biopsy, use to confirm malignancy Other investigations: FBC - anemia , Polycythemia LFT- can be increased aminotransferases Creatinine- can be increased urinalysis - dipstick shocks proteinuria and haematuria
27
What is Von Hippel lindau disease
autosomal dominant disease where multiple cysts form around the body and predisposes to multiple tumours
28
Management of RCC
Stage 1 0r 2 - nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy stage 3 or 4 = temsirolimus, chemo
29
what are different urethral tumours | state which one is most common
Bladder, commones 50% urethra renal pelvis ureter
30
what cells do urethral tumors originate from
Transitional epithelium cells lining the Gutract
31
RFs for urethral tumours
Smoking, exposure to industrial carcinogens, chronic inflammation
32
Presentation of bladder tumours
Painless haematuria Other include Dysuria or frequency
33
presentation of renal pelvis or ureter tumour
Haematuria + loin pain
34
Investigations for Urothelial tumours
Cystoscopy ( any haematuria presentation do cystoscopy). this can identify presence of mass then CT/MRI to stage
35
Management of tumour in renal pelvis or ureter
nephroureterectomy
36
Management of bladder cancer
if superficial: Transurethral resection + chemo to slow down | if invasive: cystectomy or radical radiotherapy if over 70
37
What type of cancer is prostate cancer and which cells does it originate from
adenocarcinoma, originating from epithelium of a gland | originates from epithelium in the transitional zone of prostate
38
prevalence of prostate cancer
Commonest male cancer 80% of those over 80%
39
where does prostate cancer most often spread to
metastasis to bone and lymph nodes | or spread locally to bladder, seminal vesicles, rectum
40
Epidimeology assosiations and risk factors of prostate cancer
+ve family history, Age increased testosterone (Black people) BRCA2 gene
41
Presentation of prostate cancer
LUTS, voiding and storing, + haematuria, dysuria Back pain ( also found in prostatitis) weight loss and anemia
42
Physical examinations for prostate cancer
DRE shows hard irregular prostate | examination could show enlarged lymph nodes (late stage)
43
Investigations for Prostate cancer
PSA- Elevated Transrectal ultrasound and biopsy - diagnostic and graded CT/MRI used to identify spread. Bone scan
44
what is the scoring system for prostate cancer
Gleason scoring system out of 10 up to 6 is low grade tumour 7 is fast is intermediate grade ( Grade 2 and 3) 8,9,10 is high grade (8 is grade 4 and 9,10 is grade 5)
45
what can causes Elevated PSA
BPH adenocarcinoma is PSA is very high prostatitis can be falsely elevated by cycling, catheters, ejaculations
46
Prostate cancer treatment | contained within prostate
radical Prostatectomy + supplementary chemo and radiotherapy
47
Prostate cancer treatment metastasized
hormone therapy, since prostate cancer very sensitive to hormones androgen deprivation or orchidectomy or GNRH Goserelin or LH agonist flutamide , stimulate then inhibits. shrinks tumors +radiotherapy
48
lumps in the testicle: after examination, cannot get above the mass
Inguinoscrotal hernia | hydroceles
49
lumps in the testicle: after examination, feels cystic and is attached to testicle
hydroceles
50
lumps in the testicle: after examination, feels cystic and is not attached to testicle
epididymal cyst
51
lumps in the testicle: after examination, feels solid and is not attached to testicle
epididymitis | varicoceles
52
lumps in the testicle: after examination, feels solid and is attached to testicle
Tumour orchitis haematocele
53
what is a hydroceles
fluid in tunica vaginalis can be primary due to congenital abnormality or secondary to trauma aspirate or surgery lords repair
54
what is an epididymal cyst
cyst, usually asymptomatic but can be if gets large enough and needs removal
55
what is a varicoceles
dilation of veins in paniform plexus, feels like bag of worms, can cause dull pain, surgically repair
56
what is a haematocele
collection of blood in Tv, occurs after trauma, may need drainage
57
what is epididymo-orchitis
inflammation of epididymis, causes by STI, first catch MC and S , chlamydia, mumps, n. gonorrhoea sudden onset tender swelling dysuria, fever sweats, NO PAIN Treat with antibiotics plus sexual partners
58
Testicular cancer prevalence
Commonest malignancy in males age 14-44
59
RF for testicular cancer
Family History plus undescended testicle
60
presentation for testicular tumour
``` painless lump in testicle, often found after trauma or infection Hemospermia effect on hormone If metastasized cough and dyspnea back pain abdominal mass ```
61
Investigations and diagnosis for testicular tumour
Ultrasound, Biopsy CT to assess metastasis markers and alpha fetoprotein and Beta HCG
62
Management of Testicular tumours
Radical orchiectomy plus Radiotherapy
63
Staging system for Testicular tumour
Stage 1 no metastasize 2 spread to infradiaphragmatic 3 supradiaphragmatic 4 involvement into the lungs
64
what is a complicated and uncomplicated UTI
``` complicated = men, pregnancy, immunocompromised uncomplicated = non pregnant women ```
65
Presentation of UTI
``` dysuria frequency and urgency Haematuria smelly urine Suprapubic pain and tenderness back and flank pain elderly confusion Fever (indicates pyelonephritis) ```
66
causative agent of UTI | and their effects
E Coli, commonest 50% kelbestia - more likely to occur during hospital stay proteus- stones S. Aureus - risk of infective endocarditis Pseudomonas chlamydia - immunocompromised
67
Investigations for a UTI
Urinalysis dipstick - proteinuria, nitrites, pyuria MSU MC and S increased wcc and bacteria
68
what is a lower and upper UTI
Lower, cystic (Bladder or urethra) or prostate | Upper, pyelonephritis, urter
69
what is pyelonephritis
Infection of the renal pelvis by UTI
70
presentation of pyelonephritis
Same as lower UTI ( dysuria, haematuria, Frequency, suprapubic pain and tenderness) + nausea and vomiting , back and flank pain, Loin Pain and tenderness fever and systemic illness plus sign of costovertebral tenderness main distingushing differences really is fever, nausea and vomiting. since all other signs also occur in UTI but less frequently
71
Investigations for pyelonephritis
same as LUTI but also bloods, WCC ESR and CRP Gram Stain will show e coli or any bacteria Urinalysis FBC ESR CRP Blood culture
72
Treatment of UTI: cystic UTI complicated or uncomplicated
Oral Trimethoprim | or IV gentamicin if in patient care
73
Treatment of UTI: pyelonephritis uncomplicated
Trimethoprim
74
Treatment of UTI: pyelonephritis complicated
IV Gentamicin
75
Investigations for Testicular torsion
Scrotal doppler ultrasound
76
Questionnaire used for BPH investigations
International prostate symptom questionnaire form

Hayders Phase 2A (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions