GU A&P Chem BULLSHIT Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
What are the components of the urinary system?
A
2 Kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder and 1 urethra
2
Q
What is nephrology?
A
Study of anatomy, physiology and disorders of the kidneys
3
Q
What is urology?
A
Branch of medicine that deals with male and female urinary system and male reproductive system
4
Q
What do the kidneys regulate?
A
Regulation of:
Ions
Blood volume and blood pressure
Blood pH
5
Q
What hormones does the kidneys produce?
A
Calcitriol, active form of Vitamin D, helps regulate homeostasis
Erythropoietin, stimulates production of RBCs
6
Q
What does the kidney form to help excrete waste?
A
Urine
7
Q
Where are the kidneys located?
A
Bilaterally to the vertebral column at T12 and L3
8
Q
Which pairs of ribs provide some protection for the superior parts of the kidneys?
A
11th and 12th pair
9
Q
Which kidney is slightly lower and why?
A
The right kidney is lower because of the liver
10
Q
What is an indentation of the kidney that is near the center of the medial border?
A
Renal Hilum
11
Q
The renal hilum allows what to enter and exit the kidneys?
A
Allows the ureter to leave
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit through
12
Q
What surrounds each kidney, is smooth and transparent, maintains shape of the kidney and serves as a barrier against trauma?
A
Renal Capsule
13
Q
What tissue surrounds the renal capsule and cushions the kidney and anchors the kidneys to the posterior abdominal wall?
A
Adipose (fatty) tissue
14
Q
What are the 2 main regions inside the kidneys?
A
Renal Cortex: an outer light-red region
Renal Medulla: inner, dark red-brown region
15
Q
What are the cone shaped structures in the renal medulla called?
A
Renal Pyramids
16
Q
What are extensions of renal cortex that fill spaces between renal pyramids called?
A
Renal Columns
17
Q
What are the cuplike structures within renal pyramids called?
A
Minor calyces
18
Q
How many minor calyces does each kidney have?
A
8-12 minor calyces per kidney
19
Q
What is the path of urine in the kidneys?
A
Minor calyces -> Major calyces -> Renal Pelvis -> ureter ->urinary bladder
20
Q
How much of resting cardiac output flows through the left and right renal arteries?
A
20-25% (1200mL per minute)
21
Q
The renal artery divides into smaller and smaller vessels called?
A
Segmental, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular
22
Q
Where does the renal artery eventually deliver blood to?
A
Afferent arterioles
23
Q
What is the name of the tangled capillary network each arteriole divides into?
A
Glomerulus
24
Q
Capillaries of the glomerulus reunite to form what?
A
Efferent arteriole
25
What are the functional units of the kidneys?
Nephrons
26
What are the 2 parts of the nephron and what are their functions?
Renal corpuscle, where blood plasma is filtered
Renal Tubule, where filtered fluid, called glomerular filtrate, passes
27
What are the 2 parts of the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
28
What are the 3 basic function of the nephron?
Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
29
Which function of the nephron forces fluids and dissolved substances smaller than a certain size through a membrane by pressure?
Filtration
30
Which function of the nephron occurs as filtered fluid flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct?
Tubular Reabsorption
31
During tubular reabsorption, how much filtered water is returned to the blood?
99% along with useful solutes
32
Which function of the nephron takes place as fluid flows along the tubule and through the collecting duct?
Tubular Secretion
33
During tubular secretion, what is removed from the blood and transported to the renal tubules?
Wastes, drugs and excess ions
34
What is the space between the renal corpuscle and the glomerular capsule?
Capsular space
35
What permits the passage of water and solutes from the blood into the capsular space?
Filtration membrane
36
Why do blood cells and plasma proteins remain in the blood during glomerular filtration?
They are too large to pass through filtration membrane
37
What is the pressure that causes glomerular filtration?
Blood pressure
38
What are the 2 pressure that oppose glomerular filtration?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Glomerular capsule pressure
39
When blood colloid osmotic pressure and glomerular capsule pressure increase, what happens to filtration?
Filtration decreases
40
What is the net glomerular filtration pressure normally?
10mmHg
41
How much fluid is filtered during net filtration in males and females?
Males= 180 liters
Females= 150 liters
42
How do you calculate net filtration?
Net filtration = glomerular capillary blood pressure – (blood colloidal osmotic pressure + glomerular capsule pressure)
43
What makes the efferent arteriole able to raise the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary?
It is smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole
44
How does constriction of the afferent arteriole affect net filtration pressure?
Decreases blood flow into the glomerulus which decreases net filtration
45
How does constriction of the efferent arteriole affect net filtration pressure?
Slows outflow of blood which increases net filtration
46
The amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute is called?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
47
What is the average GFR in males and females?
Males = 125ml/min
Females = 105ml/min
48
If needed substances pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are unable to be reabsorbed and pass out of the body as part of urine, what is the GFR?
Too high
49
If nearly all filtrate is reabsorbed and waste products are not adequately excreted, what is GFR?
Too low
50
What is a hormone that promotes loss of sodium ions and water in urine in part because it increases glomerular filtration rate?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
51
How does ANP regulate blood volume?
Cells in the atria secrete ANP when blood volume increases
ANP acts on the kidneys to increase loss of sodium ions and water in urine, bringing blood volume back to normal
52
How do blood vessels in the kidneys react to sympathetic stimulation?
At rest, afferent and efferent arterioles are dilated
With sympathetic stimulation, afferent arterioles constrict more than efferent arterioles leading to GFR drop which reduces urine output
53
What is tubular reabsorption?
Returning most of filtered water and many filtered solutes to the blood
54
Filtered fluid becomes tubular fluid once it enters what?
Proximal convoluted tubule
55
Composition of tubular fluid changes as it flows along the nephron tubule and through a collecting is due to what?
Reabsorption and secretion
56
How much filtered water is reabsorbed and how much leaves the body in urine?
99% reabsorbed
1% leaves in urine
57
What cells reabsorb 65% of filtered water, 100% of filtered glucose, amino acids and ions?
Proximal convoluted tubule cells
58
Where do most tubular secretions end up?
In the urine
59
What is normal blood pH?
7.35-7.45
60
Due to H+ secretion, what is the pH of urine?
Acidic, typically below 7
61
What are the most important hormone regulators for ion reabsorption and secretion?
Angiotensin II, Aldosterone
62
Angiotensin II enhances reabsorption of what ions?
NA+ and Cl-
63
Angiotensin II stimulates the cerebral cortex to release what hormone?
Aldosterone
64
What hormone is a major regulator of K+?
Aldosterone
65
What hormone increase GFR and inhibits the reabsorption of NA+ (and Cl- and water)
ANP
66
As GFR increases and more water and salt are lost in the urine, what happens to blood volume?
Blood volume is lower
67
What major hormone regulates water reabsorption and operates via negative feedback loop?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
68
When concentration of water in blood decreases by as little as __% osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus release __ from the posterior pituitary
1%, ADH
69
How much very concentrated urine each day can the kidneys produce when ADH concentration is maximal?
400-500ml
70
When ADH is low, what kind of urine does the kidneys produce?
Large volume of dilute urine
71
Lower than normal CA2+ in blood stimulates parathyroid glands to release what hormone?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
72
How much urine is eliminated per day in a normal adult?
1-2 liters (1-2quarts)
73
What percentage of water accounts for the total volume of urine?
95%
74
Where do the ureters transport urine from?
From the renal pelvis of the kidneys
75
Where do ureters transport urine to?
Urinary bladder
76
Why does urine not backflow during urination?
Ureters pass under the urinary bladder for several centimeters, causing the bladder to compress the ureters
77
What are the 3 layers of the ureters?
The inner layer is the mucosa
The middle layer consists of smooth muscle
The outer layer consists of areolar connective tissue
78
The smooth muscle of the ureter helps transport urine from the renal pelvis by?
Peristaltic contractions
79
The outer layer of the ureters consists of areolar connective tissue which contain?
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
80
What is the urinary bladder?
Hollow muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis
81
Where is the bladder in males and females?
Males = Directly in front of the rectum
Females = In front of the vagina and below the uterus
82
What hold urinary bladder in position and what is the shape of it?
Peritoneum hold it in position
Shape of the bladder depends on how much liquid it contains
83
What is the average urinary bladder capacity?
700-800ml
84
The muscular layer of the urinary bladder wall consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle called?
Detrusor muscle
85
The peritoneum, which covers he superior surface of the urinary bladder, forms a ____ coat; the rest of the urinary bladder has a ___ covering
Serous
Fibrous
86
What is the urethra?
Terminal portion of the urinary system, small tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the outside world
87
Where is the urethra in males and females?
Males = Urethra passes through the prostate, deep perineal muscles and penis
Females = Behind the pubic symphysis, in front wall of the vagina between the clitoris and vaginal opening
88
What is around the opening of the urethra that is composed of smooth muscle?
Internal urethral sphincter
89
What is composed of skeletal muscle and is below the internal urethral sphincter?
External urethral sphincter
90
What is micturition commonly called?
Urination
91
What volume of urine in the urinary bladder triggers micturition reflex?
200-400ml
92
What is the pathway of the micturition reflex?
Parasympathetic impulses from spinal cord cause contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of internal sphincter
Simultaneously, spinal cord inhibits somatic motor neurons, causing relaxation of external urethral sphincter
Contraction of bladder wall and relaxation of sphincters causes peepee
93
In lean adults, body fluids make up what percentage of body mass?
55-60%
94
How much of body fluid is intracellular (ICF)?
2/3
95
How much of body fluid is extracellular (ECF)?
1/3
96
What percentage of ECF is interstitial fluid and what percentage is blood plasma?
80% Interstitial
20% Blood Plasma
97
What are the 2 barriers that separate ICF and ECF?
Plasma membrane
Blood Vessel walls
98
How does the plasma membrane of each cell separate itself from surrounding fluid?
Selective permeability
Active transport
99
In which blood vessels are walls thin enough to permit exchange of water and solutes between blood plasma and interstitial fluid?
Only in capillaries
100
What is the primary means of water movement between ICF and ECF?
Osmosis
101
How much of body water is from ingested and moist food absorbed from the GI tract?
Ingested food = 1600ml
Moist food = 700ml
Total: 2300ml/day
102
How much metabolic water gain per day?
200ml/day
Included with food, about 2500ml per day
103
How much volume is lost from urine, evaporation form the skin, lung exhalation and feces?
Urine = 1500ml
Evaporates = 600ml
Exhale = 300ml
Feces = 100ml
104
In women, what causes additional water loss?
Menstrual flow
105
Daily water loss and gain equals?
2500ml
106
What governs the urge to drink?
Thirst center in the hypothalamus
107
When body mass decreases by __% due to fluid loss, what happens to blood pressure?
2%
Blood pressure falls due to loss of volume
108
What receptors and hormone stimulate the thirst center?
Osmoreceptors and angiotensin II
109
What 3 hormones regulate Na and Cl excretion?
ANP, Angiotensin II, aldosterone
110
What hormone elevates urinary loss of Na and Cl and water which decreases blood volume?
ANP
111
ANP causes what hormone to decrease and further slow Na and Cl absorption?
Aldosterone
112
What is the major hormone that regulates water loss?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
113
What is the most abundant extracellular ion, representing about 90% of extracellular cations?
Sodium (Na+)
114
Na+ accounts for how much of osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid?
Almost half
115
Na+ is necessary for the generation and conduction of ______ _________ in neurons and muscle fibers?
Action potential
116
What is the most prevalent anion in ECF?
Chloride ions (Cl)
117
What does Cl- move easily between ECF and ICF compartments?
Most plasma membranes contain Cl- leakage channels
118
What is the most abundant cation in ICF?
Potassium (K+)
119
What hormone controls the level of K+ in blood plasma?
Aldosterone
120
Where is 98% of calcium in adults located?
Skeleton and teeth
121
What are the 2 main regulators of Ca+ in blood plasma?
PTH and Calcitrol
122
What are the 4 general functions of ions?
Control osmosis
Maintain acid-base balance
Carry electrical current
Serve as cofactors of enzymes
123
A large protein diet makes the blood acidic or alkaline?
Acidic
124
What are the 3 major mechanisms for removing H+ from the body?
Buffer systems, exhalation of CO2 and Kidney excretion of H+ into urine
125
How do buffers affect H+?
Temporarily bind H+, removing highly reactive, excess H+ from solution but not body
126
How do buffers prevent rapid, drastic change in pH of body fluid?
By converting strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases
127
Does protein buffer acids or bases?
Both
128
What is the protein buffer system?
Comprised of protein, which is the most abundant buffer in ICF and plasma
129
What is the Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?
Based on bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) which can act as a weak base
And carbonic acid (H2CO3) which can act as a weak acid
130
What is the phosphate buffer system similar to?
Mechanism similar to the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
131
How does breathing play an important role in maintaining pH?
Increase CO2 increased H+ and thus lowers pH
Decrease CO2 raises pH
132
What kind of feedback loop does pH of body fluids, rate and depth of respirations interact?
Negative feedback loop
133
What is the slowest mechanism and only way to eliminate most acids that form in the body?
Cells of the renal tubules secrete H+, which is then secreted in urine
134
What pH is considered acidosis?
Below 7.35
135
What is the principal physiological effect of acidosis?
Depression of CNS
136
What pH is considered alkalosis?
Above 7.45
137
What is the major physiological effect of alkalosis?
Overexcitability of CNS and peripheral nerves
138
How can a change in blood pH that leads to acidosis or alkalosis be countered?
By compensation, either respiratory or renal compensation
139
What is respiratory compensation?
Altered blood pH due to metabolic causes, hyper or hypoventilation can help bring blood pH back to normal range
140
What is renal compensation?
Altered blood pH due to respiratory causes, changes in secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3- by the kidney tubules can help reverse the change
