GUIDE FOR ASSUMPTION

Question 1

What are used in assumption for normality?

Answer 1

1) Shapiro-Wilk Test
2) Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
3) Histogram
4) Q-Q Plot

Question 2

This is ideal if the sample is less than 50, because it can falsely report that a normally distributed data is non-normal if the sample size is large.

Answer 2

SHAPIRO-WILK TEST

Question 3

The p-value in Shapiro Wilk with less than (<) 0.05 is equivalent to?

Answer 3

NON-NORMAL DATA

Question 4

This has the same decision with Shapiro-Wilk Test but in this case the sample (n) is greater than or equal to(≥) 50

Answer 4

KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV

Question 5

The p-value in Shapiro Wilk with greater than or equal (≥) to 0.05 is equivalent to?

Answer 5

NORMAL DATA

Question 6

This is used if the sample size (n) is large, e.g., 300

Answer 6

HISTOGRAM

Question 7

Visually check if the distribution follows the normal curve

Answer 7

HISTOGRAM

Question 8

In this assumption, the dots should follow the straight line for only then data is normally distributed.

Answer 8

Q-Q PLOT

Question 9

Q-Q Plot assumption tells that..

Answer 9

If the dots follow the straight line, then the data is normally distributed.

Question 10

These are used to see if there is an outlier in the data gathered.

Answer 10

1) BOX PLOT
2) SCATTERPLOT

Question 11

Boxplot assumption tells that..

Answer 11

If no dots are present, there are no outliers. Otherwise, there is an outlier.

Question 12

Scatterplot assumption tells that..

Answer 12

If there is a plotted data that seems to be far from the pattern; therefore, there is a significant outlier.

Question 13

This significant outlier assumption checker is applicable only for Correlatio

Answer 13

Scatterplot

Question 14

In order to find the Homogeneity of Variance for t-test and ANOVA–We should use..

Answer 14

Levene’s Test

Question 15

Levene’s assumption in equal variances

Answer 15

p < .05 is unequal variance;
p ≥ .05 is equal variance

Question 16

In this assumption, if the data “fans out” the data is not?

Answer 16

Homoscedastic. Otherwise, Heteroscedastic.

Question 17

This refers to is an assumption of equal or similar variances in different groups being compared.

Answer 17

HOMOSCEDASTICITY

Question 18

In order to find out the Homoscedasticity of a data, we employ the usage of?

Answer 18

SCATTERPLOT

Question 19

In finding Linearity of Relationship using scatterplot we tend to visually check..

Answer 19

If the pattern of the data is following a linear path. If yes, there is a linearity of relationship. If the pattern curves, then non-linear.

Question 20

This is to check if the observations are unrelated to each other, the respondent’s scores must no be duplicated.

Answer 20

INDEPENDENCE OF OBSERVATIONS

Question 21

In this assumption we use ______________ to check expected frequencies wherein there must be at least 5 expected frequencies per group

Answer 21

FOR CHI-SQUARE GOOODNESS OF FIT

Question 22

In this assumption, we use ______________ to check expected frequencies: less than 20% of the cells have an expected frequency that is less than 5.

Answer 22

FOR CHI-SQUARE GOOODNESS OF FIT

Question 23

Used to check if each observation only contributes to one cell (i.e., a respondent can only be found in one group), the encoding of the data should be checked if every respondent
belongs to only one group.

Answer 23

Mutual Exclusivity (for Chi-square statistic)

Question 24

In this assumption, we use ______________ to check expected frequencies: less than
1) _____of the cells have an expected frequency that is less than 2) _____

Answer 24

1) 20%
2) 5

Question 25

Used when the study aims to compare or identify difference between two groups

Answer 25

t-Test

Question 26

Used if the population mean is present but there is no existing population variance

Answer 26

One-Sample t Test

Question 27

Assumptions of One-Sample t Test

Answer 27

1. Variable is continuous 2. Observations are independent 3. Normal distribution 4. No outliers

Question 28

Comparing two different sets of data from a single set of respondents (i.e., 1 group of respondents, 2 scores each) t-Test for Dependent Samples (Paired t-Test) -

Answer 28

t-Test for Dependent Samples (Paired t-Test) -

Question 29

Assumption for t-Test for Dependent Samples (Paired t-Test) -

Answer 29

1. Dependent variable is continuous (i.e., interval or ratio) 2. Independent variable must be two, categorical related groups 3. Observations are independent 4. Normal distribution in difference scores 5. No significant outliers in difference scores

Question 30

If the Assumption of t-test for Dependent Sample is violated use..

Answer 30

Use Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test a (Nonparametric counterpart of Paired t-Test)

Question 31

Comparing two sets of data from two different sets of respondents (i.e., 2 different groups of respondents, 1 score each)

Answer 31

t-Test for Independent Samples

Question 32

Assumptions for t-Test for Independent Samples

Answer 32

1. Dependent variable is continuous. 2. Independent variable should have two categorical independent groups (two different groups) 3. Observations are independent. 4. Normal distribution among two groups. 5. No outliers in the two groups. 6. There has to be homogeneity of variance (If this assumption is violated, use Welch’s t)

Question 33

If the assumption for t-test for independent samples is violated then..

Answer 33

Use MANN-WHITNEY U TEST (Non-parametric counterpart of t-Test for Independent Samples)

Question 34

Used to compare three or more groups wherein only one factor is utilized (Example: Identifying the difference in terms of organizational commitment of HR officers, accountants, and teachers)

Answer 34

ONE-WAY ANOVA

Question 35

Assumptions for One-Way ANOVA

Answer 35

Assumptions: 1. Dependent variable is continuous 2. Independent variable consists of two or more categorical, independent groups. 3. Observations are independent. 4. No significant outliers. 5. Normal distribution is observed among all groups, or the residuals of the dependent variable is normally distributed. 6. There is homogeneity of variances.

Question 36

If all assumptions were met for One-Way ANOVA,_________________ should be used.

Answer 36

STUDENT'S ANOVA

Question 37

We use post hoc comparison if

Answer 37

if ANOVA results indicate statistical significance)

Question 38

Equal sample size; has homogeneity of variance

Answer 38

TUKEY'S HSD TEST

Question 39

unequal sample size; has homogeneity of variance (not available in software)

Answer 39

TUKEY-KRAMER TEST

Question 40

unequal sample size; has homogeneity of variance

Answer 40

SCHEFFÉ TEST

Question 41

If all assumptions were met except homogeneity of variance, use 1) __________ and 2) _____________ as post hoc comparison.

Answer 41

1. WELCH'S ANOVA 2. GAMES-HOWELL TEST

Question 42

If assumptions were violated,1)_____________ should be used, then either 2) __________________or 3) __________________can be used as a post hoc test.

Answer 42

1) KRUSKAL-WALLIS H TES 2) DUNN'S TEST OR BONFERRINNO PROCEDURE 3) DSCF Pairwise Comparisons

Question 43

three or more sets of scores are coming from the same respondents. Example: identifying the difference in terms of trauma resilience of millennials after experiencing different kinds of therapy (i.e., CBT, Existential Therapy, and Humanistic Therapy)

Answer 43

REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA

Question 44

two factors are used (e.g., measuring the effect of coffee and music to memory)

Answer 44

TWO-WAY ANOVA

Question 45

ANOVA where other variables that might affect the study are being controlled. Example: Identifying the difference in terms of organizational commitment of HR officers, accountants, and teachers wherein tenure in service will be controlled statistically

Answer 45

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

Question 46

ANOVA where more than one dependent variable is being studied at once (e.g., effect of coffee to hyperactivity and attention span)

Answer 46

Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)

Question 47

like ANCOVA but more than one dependent variable is being studied ..

Answer 47

Multivariate Analysis of Covariance or (MANCOVA)

Question 48

used to determine the relationship between two variables

Answer 48

PEARSON'S R

Question 49

ASSUMPTION FOR PEARSON'S R

Answer 49

Assumptions: 1. Variables are both continuous. 2. Variables should be paired. 3. Observations are independent. 4. The relationship must be linear. 5. Bivariate normal distribution is present. 6. No univariate or multivariate outliers. 7. Homoscedasticity is present.

Question 50

If assumptions were violated, either use 1) __________________ correlation or Spearman’s Rho

Answer 50

1) KENDALL'S TAU-B 2) SPEARMAN'S RHO

Question 51

- used to determine if the actual proportions of the categories being studied (e.g., number of men vs. women who committed crimes) do not fit to an expected proportion (e.g., 50% of those who committed crimes are men while the other 50% are women)

Answer 51

Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit

Question 52

Assumptions for Chi-Square test for Goodness

Answer 52

Assumptions: 1. One categorical variable 2. Independence of observations 3. Mutually exclusive groups 4. At least 5 expected frequencies in each group

Question 53

It is used to determine if various categories are not related to each other (e.g., if certain color preferences are associated with specific personality traits).

Answer 53

Chi-Square Test for Independence

Question 54

Assumptions for Chi-Square Test for Independence

Answer 54

Assumptions: 1. Two categorical variables with at least two or more groups. 2. Independence of observations. 3. Less than 20% of the cells have an expected frequency of less than 5