GUMES nervous tissue

Question 1

what are the two types of cell found in the nervous system

Answer 1

neurons and glial cells

Question 2

what are neurons

Answer 2

nerve cells

Question 3

what are glial cells

Answer 3

supportive cells in the nervous system that do not function to conduct electrical impulses

Question 4

what is the most abundant cell type in the nervous system

Answer 4

glial cells

Question 5

what does the somatic nervous system divide into

Answer 5

somatic afferent and motor efferent

Question 6

what are dendrites

Answer 6

where synapses occur, contain nissl bodies and usual organelles
receive electrical impulses which are processedin the cell body

Question 7

what is the cell body of neurons

Answer 7

contains nucleus and nissl bodies but does not have centrioles as they do not divide

Question 8

what are nissl bodies

Answer 8

clusters of free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 9

what do axons do

Answer 9

conduct the electrical signal toward the axon terminal

Question 10

what is a nerve

Answer 10

a complex that can have many axons

Question 11

how many axons can a neuron have

Answer 11

one

Question 12

what is the function of astrocytes

Answer 12

• form the blood brain barrier
• scar tissue formation after brain injury
• provide nutrients to neurons
• maintain the chemical environment and take up excess neurotransmitter

Question 13

what is the function of microglia

Answer 13

defence role as they are the macrophages of the cns
clear debris from dead cells

Question 14

what is the function of ependymal cells

Answer 14

barrier function, produce cerebrospinal fluid
line brain ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 15

what are the glial cells of the central nervous system

Answer 15

astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

Question 16

what is the function of oligodendrocytes

Answer 16

form the myelin sheath around neurons in the cns and provide structural support

Question 17

what is the function of satellite cells

Answer 17

regulate the chemical environment and help in repair of the PNS
wrap around cell bodies in the PNS

Question 18

what is the function of schwann cells

Answer 18

form a myelin sheath around neurons in PNS
wrap around the axon in a spiral manner

Question 19

what are the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 19

satellite cells and schwann cells

Question 20

in what direction do sensory afferent nerves go

Answer 20

from receptors to the central nervous system

Question 21

in what direction do motor efferent nerves go

Answer 21

away from the central nervous system to effectors

Question 22

what are the types of motor efferents

Answer 22

somatic and visceral

Question 23

what do somatic motor efferent nerves involve

Answer 23

voluntary muscle contraction

Question 24

what do visceral motor efferent nerves involve

Answer 24

these constitute the autonomic nervous system as it is involuntary

Question 25

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

Answer 25

31

Question 26

what are dermatomes

Answer 26

sensory spinal nerves

Question 27

what are myotomes

Answer 27

motor spinal nerves

Question 28

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the cervical region

Answer 28

8

Question 29

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the thoracic region

Answer 29

12

Question 30

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the lumbar region

Answer 30

5

Question 31

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the sacral region

Answer 31

5

Question 32

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the coccygeal region

Answer 32

1

Question 33

what is the organisation of white and grey matter in the spinal cord

Answer 33

white matter on the outside and grey matter on the inside

Question 34

where does the spinal cord lie

Answer 34

within the vertebral canal

Question 35

what are the meninges that cover the spinal cord

Answer 35

dura matter arachnoid matter pia matter

Question 36

what does the dorsal horn of the spinal cord control

Answer 36

sensory

Question 37

what does the ventral horn of the spinal cord control

Answer 37

motor

Question 38

what is found within the white matter

Answer 38

myelinated axons

Question 39

what is found within the grey matter

Answer 39

axons and cell bodies, synapses

Question 40

how does nerve fibre number change as you go up the body

Answer 40

increases

Question 41

what is the arrangement of white and grey mattter in the brain

Answer 41

grey on the outside and white on the inside

Question 42

what protects the brain

Answer 42

the skull

Question 43

are meninges found in the brain

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

describe the layers of protection from scalp to brain

Answer 44

- scalp - skull - periosteal dura mater - meningeal dura mater - arachnoid mater - subarachnoid space - pia mater - brain

Question 45

where is the thalamus in the brain

Answer 45

in the middle, above the pons

Question 46

where is the pons

Answer 46

next to cerebellum, above the medulla oblongata

Question 47

what is the pituitary gland

Answer 47

under the hypothalamus

Question 48

where is the hypothalamus

Answer 48

below the thalamus

Question 49

what are the lobes of the brain

Answer 49

frontal parietal temporal occipital

Question 50

what makes up the brain stem

Answer 50

the mid brain and hind brain

Question 51

what is found in the forebrain

Answer 51

cerebrum and diencephalon

Question 52

what is the found in the hindbran

Answer 52

pons, medulla, cerebellum

Question 53

what is the cerebrum in control of

Answer 53

motor and sensory language memory perceptions emotion

Question 54

what is the diencephalon

Answer 54

the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Question 55

what does the thalamus do

Answer 55

relay sensory and motor signals

Question 56

what does the hypothalamus do

Answer 56

regulate homeostasis, hormones and emotions

Question 57

what does the midbrain do

Answer 57

control visual and auditory reflexes, and pain

Question 58

what does the medulla do

Answer 58

regulate breathing, heart rate, blood vessels

Question 59

what does the cerebellum do

Answer 59

balance and posture

Question 60

what does the autonomic nervous system control

Answer 60

cardiac muscle smooth muscle some glands like the adrenal gland

Question 61

where is the synapse on the sympathetic ganglion

Answer 61

on the sympathetic chain in thoracic 1 to lumbar 2 or on the adrenal medulla

Question 62

where is the synapse for parasympathetic ganglions

Answer 62

near the target organ

Question 63

which branch of the autonomic nervous system has slowing effects

Answer 63

parasympathetic

Question 64

which branch of the autonomic nervous system has fast effects

Answer 64

sympathetic

Question 65

what are the parasympathetic nerves

Answer 65

- cranial - sacral

Question 66

what are the cranial nerves with parasympathetic ganglion

Answer 66

3, 7, 9 and 10 ie - oculomotor - facial - glossopharyngeal - vagus

Question 67

what does the facial nerve control parasympathetically

Answer 67

submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Question 68

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve control parasympathetically

Answer 68

the parotid gland

Question 69

what does the vagus nerve control parasympathetically

Answer 69

heart gastrointestinal tract bronchi

Question 70

what are the parasympathetic sacral nerves

Answer 70

S2, 3 and 4

Question 71

what do the S2, 3 and 4 nerves supply parasympathetically

Answer 71

the pelvic organs

Question 72

which section of the spinal cord has sympathetic control

Answer 72

thoraco to lumbar, from T1 to L2

Question 73

what is controlled by the thoraco lumbar region of the spinal cord

Answer 73

heart blood vessels bronchi gastrointestinal tract adrenal medulla

Question 74

what are the two receptors found on the autonomic nervous system

Answer 74

adrenergic and cholinergic

Question 75

describe the types adrenergic receptors

Answer 75

alpha one beta one beta two

Question 76

what does the alpha one adrenergic receptor function to do

Answer 76

smooth muscle contraction

Question 77

what does the beta one adrenergic receptor function to do

Answer 77

increase in rate and force of heart contraction

Question 78

what does the beta two adrenergic receptor function to do

Answer 78

smooth muscle relaxation

Question 79

what are the types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 79

muscarinic and nicotinic

Question 80

what do muscarinic cholinergic receptors do

Answer 80

post ganglionic atropine antagonist

Question 81

what does nicotine function to do

Answer 81

pre and post ganglionic synpases and the neuromuscular junction

Question 82

what is the effect of parasympathetic neurons on salivary glands

Answer 82

high volume and low viscosity (serous)

Question 83

which type of receptor is involved in the vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Answer 83

alpha one adrenergic receptors

Question 84

which receptor is involved in an increase in heart rate and force of contraction

Answer 84

beta one adrenergic

Question 85

what is polarisation

Answer 85

difference in voltage between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

Question 86

what is the average neuron membrane potential

Answer 86

-70

Question 87

describe the process of action potential generation

Answer 87

- stimulus causes sodium channels to open - influx of sodim ions - depolarisation as threshold of -55 is reached - this triggers opening of voltage gated sodium channels across the axon of the nerve to create a wave of depolarisation - membrane potential reaches -35 - this triggers sodium channels to close and voltage gated potassium channels to open - repolarisation - sodium potassium pump aids achievement of resting membrane potential

Question 88

what is the refractory period

Answer 88

the period where another action potential cant be generated

Question 89

when can a new action potential be generated

Answer 89

when the first is completed

Question 90

how does axon size affect impulses

Answer 90

larger axons have faster impulses because their larger plasma membrane has more ion channels

Question 91

are autonomic sensory nerves myelinated

Answer 91

not a lot, usually thin or nothing

Question 92

are alpha motor neurons myelinated

Answer 92

yes

Question 93

how does autonomic neuron cell differ to motor

Answer 93

autonomic is thinner

Question 94

how does neurotransmitter pass between synapses

Answer 94

- action potential arrives at the axon terminal - voltage gated calcium channels open - calcium enters the cell - calcium signals to vesicles - vesciles move to the membrane - docked vesicles release neurotransmitter by exocytosis - neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors - transmitter reuptake into presynaptic cell, transmitter destruction by enzymes