Guns And Muciges

Question 1

plant hydrocolloids with similar constitutions of high molecular weight made of sugar and uronic acid units (polyuronides).

Answer 1

Gums and mucilages

Question 2

What do uronjc acids form salts with and what are the salts classified as

Answer 2

Ca, Mg and K

Classified as
➢Anionic
➢Non-ionic salts of polysaccharides

Question 3

What are the families gums are common in

Answer 3

• Leguminosae
• Rosaceae
• Sterculiaceae
• Rutaceae

Question 4

Functions of gums

Answer 4

• Storage material
• Water storage reservoir
• Protection for germinating seeds.

Question 5

Differences btn gums and mucilages

Answer 5

Gums are formed by breakdown of cells but Mucilages are normal products of metabolism formed within the cell (intracellular formation).

Gums pathological products which form during
injury and unfavourable conditions (drought)
Mucilages are physiological products secreted in the cell and laid down there like hemicellulose

Gums readily dissolve in water to form sticky, colloidal dispersions but Mucilage swells and form slimy masses in water.

Question 6

Sources of gums

Answer 6

shrub or tree exudates- acacia, karaya, tragacanth.
•marine gums- agar, algin
•seed gums- guar, locust bean
•microbial gum- dextran, xanthan

Herbs containing mucilages

• Psyllium
• Cocoa etc

Question 7

What are the therapeutic use of gums

Answer 7

emollient
•which means that they coat and protect the skin

•Demulcent-which means that they coat and protect the lining of the gastric tract

• Reduces irritation of the bowel, gut
• alleviates cough,
• alleviates ulcers, lesion, inflammation in the gut and reduces excessive acid secretion
• as dental adhesive
• As bulk laxatives
• Absorbs large volumes of water
• Indigestible and hence act as dietary fiber.

Question 8

Do gums have nutritional value

Answer 8

Little or no value

Question 9

•The dried gummy exudate from Astragalus gummifer and other species of Astragalus (Leguminosae)

Answer 9

Tragacanth

Question 10

What are the two fractions of tragacanth

Answer 10

Bassorin- methoxyl groups present insoluble, swells in water

•tragacanthin –no methoxyl group.
soluble in water.

Question 11

Are bassorin and tragacanthin soluble in alcohol?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

How can bassorin and tragacanthin be separated

Answer 12

Bassorin and tragacanthin may be separated by ordinary filtration of a dilute mucilage.

Question 13

What happens to tragacanth upon hydrolysis

Answer 13

Acidic portion-yields galacturonic acid, galactose and xylose
•A neutral polysaccharide-gives arabinose and lactose
•Also contains water, traces of starch, cellulose and nitrogenous substances

Question 14

Physical characteristics of tragacanth

Answer 14

The gum is white or pale yellowish-white in colour
●Translucent

●Breaks with a short fracture

●Odourless and have little taste
●Swells into a gelatinous mass in water (small section dissolves)

Question 15

Chemical properties of tragacanth

Answer 15

Addition of dilute iodine
-few blue points visible

Stronger iodine
-greenish colour
●Forms precipitate with dilute lead acetate
●Boiled with KOH-gives a canary yellow colour
●Peroxidase/oxidase test-no blue colour with benzidine in alcohol

Question 16

What are the uses of tragacanth

Answer 16

Pharmaceutical-suspending agent, emulsifier, and as adhesive.

•as demulcent and emollient in cosmetics.

Question 17

How are acacia tapped

Answer 17

Tapped by making incisions at the bark and peeling of both above and below the cut

Question 18

What are the constituents of acasia

Answer 18

arabin

●Contains 12-15% water and several enzymes like oxidases and pectinoses

Question 19

a polysaccharide which on hydrolysis yields arabinose, galactose, glucuronic acid and rhamnose.

Answer 19

Arabic acid

Question 20

Physical properties of acacia

Answer 20

Gum is white or very pale yellow in colour
•Breaks with a glassy fracture
•It is odourless with a bland or mucilaginous taste
•Completely soluble in an equal weight of water
•Solution slightly acidic

Question 21

Chemical properties of acacia

Answer 21

10% solution of dilute lead acetate-no precipitate

• No colour reaction with iodine
• Gives positive peroxidase test
• Gives no reaction for tannins with ferric chloride

Question 22

Uses of acacia

Answer 22

Emulsifier and suspending agent,
•binder in tablet granules,
•demulcent, emollient and adhesives.
•Used in lozenges, etc. its demulcent properties are employed in various cough, and throat preparations
•Used in food, drinks and other industries.

Question 23

Dried gummy exudates from Sterculia urens, S. villosa, S. tragacantha or other species of Sterculia. (Sterculiaceae).

Answer 23

Karaya gum

Question 24

Uses of karaya gum

Answer 24

The granular grades are used as a bulk laxative

The powdered gum is used in lozenges, pastes and denture fixative powders, useful as an adhesive.
As stimulant.

Question 25

Dried gummy exudates
•contains D-galactose units.
•Sometimes as a substitute for gum Arabic

Answer 25

Albizia

Question 26

Cleaned dried ripe seed of
•Plantago psyllium,
•P. ovata or
•P. indica (Plantaginaceae).

Answer 26

Plantago seeed

Question 27

What is the most important part in plantago seed and where is the mucilage

Answer 27

The husk of seed

Mucilage is in outer wall

Question 28

Use of plantago seed

Answer 28

treatment of chronic constipation

•as demulcent.

Question 29

How is quality of plantago seed

Answer 29

quality -swelling index/ factor (1g in 25 ml to 20 ml)
•This is defined in the BP as the volume in millilitres (mL) occupied by 1 g of a drug, including any adhering mucilage, after it has swollen in an aqueous liquid for 4 h/24h.