Gut Microbiots

Question 1

which part of the GI tract has the most bacteria

Answer 1

large intestine

Question 2

change in oxygenation through GI tract

Answer 2

increasing anaerobic

Question 3

approximate population along tract

Answer 3

stomach - 10^4
SI - 10^8
LI - 10^10

Question 4

what does facultative anaerobic bacteria mean

Answer 4

can grow in aerobic and anaerobic

Question 5

what does obligate anaerobic bacteria mean

Answer 5

can only grow in anaerobic

Question 6

what two bacteria are present in almost all of the GI tract

Answer 6

streptococcus and lactobaccilus

Question 7

where do lactobacillus and streptococcus become not prominent

Answer 7

distal ileum and colon (end of tract) when it becomes too anaerobic

Question 8

what type of anaerobic bacteria are prominent at start of tract

Answer 8

facultative

Question 9

what type of anaerobic bacteria are prominent at end of tract

Answer 9

obligate

Question 10

what are the dominant bacteria in the colon

Answer 10

bacteriodes, clostridium, bifidobacterium and enterobacteriaceae

Question 11

total number of bacteria in gut

Answer 11

> 100 trillion weighing 200g

Question 12

what is the genus and family of clostridium difficile

Answer 12

genus = clostridium
family = clostridaceae

Question 13

what type of classification is the name clostridium difficile

Answer 13

species

Question 14

what foods do we need bacteria to digest

Answer 14

fruit, vegetables, whole grains and pulses

Question 15

benefit of fibre for stools

Answer 15

bulks out the faeces and helps their passage

Question 16

bacterial fermentation maintains a slightly acidic/alkaline pH

Answer 16

acidic

Question 17

fatty acid products of bacterial fermentation

Answer 17

butyrate, propionate and acetate

Question 18

purpose of butyrate

Answer 18

cell growth and regeneration

Question 19

purpose of propionate

Answer 19

gluconeogenesis and satiety signals

Question 20

purpose of acetate

Answer 20

lipogenesis

Question 21

products of microbial fermentation

Answer 21

short chain fatty acids, gases, branched fatty acids and a bunch of random molecules

Question 22

what type of metabolism produces more branched short chain fatty acids, protein or carbohydrate

Answer 22

protein

Question 23

microbial defenses against pathogens

Answer 23

barrier against them, out-competing them, producing compounds to kill them, inhibition by pH 6

Question 24

true/false in normal gut physiology bacteria penetrate into the epithelium

Answer 24

false - they should normally be kept away by mucus layer, any penetration is met by a macrophage

Question 25

true/false some bacteria are anti-inflammatory and some are pro-inflamatory

Answer 25

true

Question 26

what disease can be caused when gut microbiota get into the blood stream

Answer 26

sepsis

Question 27

what features of microbial population are seen in IBD

Answer 27

increased mucosal bacterial overload, reduced diversity

Question 28

can antibiotics help in IBD

Answer 28

yes, it has some efficacy in reducing symptoms

Question 29

is there any bacterial difference between areas of inflamed and non-inflamed bowel

Answer 29

no

Question 30

firmicutes are reduced/increased in ulcerative colitis

Answer 30

reduced

Question 31

effect of an inflamed gut on bacterial diversity

Answer 31

reduced diversity with increases in enterobacteriaceae

Question 32

2 things which increase enterobacteriaceae

Answer 32

antibiotics and inflammation

Question 33

what medications are used to boost a particular bacteria

Answer 33

prebiotics

Question 34

how can you reduced enterbacteriaceae numbers

Answer 34

reduced antibiotic use

Question 35

what is a prebiotic

Answer 35

a substrate that is selective for host microorganisms for health benefit

Question 36

what is a probiotic

Answer 36

a microorganism which brings a health benefit (think yogurts)

Question 37

geography problem with antibiotics

Answer 37

80% of antibiotics given to livestock reach manure unchanged and enter into water and DESTROY NATUREES

Question 38

what is FMT used in

Answer 38

when antibiotic therapy doesn't work for C. Difficile only approved and effective in c. diff. no evidence in UC

Question 39

what is FMT

Answer 39

faecal microbial transplantation

Question 40

criteria of donor for FMT

Answer 40

sensitive to antimicrobials, easy to culture and gut commensal bacteria