Gyn

Question 1

Uterine sizes for pediatric’s

Answer 1

•Birth to 6-8 wks 3.5 cm long adult-like
•2-3 months 2.5 cm long ut smaller
•Age 10 3.5 cm long
•Age 13 6.2 cm long

Question 2

Sonographic appearance of a newborn uterus vs 2 year old

Answer 2

Question 3

Most common urinary tract malignancy in pediatric population aka sarcoma botryoides
–Highest incidence at 4 to 5 years
–Highest incidence in males (1.6 males:1 females)
Sonographic appearance
–Solid mass, homogeneous with muscle like appearance
–Anechoic foci caused by necrosis or hemorrhage
–Can originated from the bladder/prostate in males and from the bladder/vagina/cx in females
–Presents with urinary tract obstruction or hematuria

Answer 3

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder

Question 4

is a benign VAGINAL CYST that arises from remnants of the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct
— an embryologic structure that usually regresses in females. Typically found along the anterolateral wall of the upper vagina. Cyst is noncommunicating, meaning it doesn’t connect with the urinary tract or uterus.

Answer 4

Gartner duct cyst

Question 5

is a rare, benign tumor arising from the urothelium, which is the transitional epithelium lining the urinary tract (renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and proximal urethra). It’s a non-invasive, exophytic growth, meaning it grows outward like a small wart or finger-like projection. Even though transitional cell papillomas are benign, they’re in a family of tumors that can progress to carcinoma, so careful monitoring and histological confirmation are key.

Answer 5

Transitional cell papilloma

Question 6

Types of benign tumors in pediatric’s

Answer 6

-Transitional cell papilloma
–Leiomyoma
–Neurofibroma
–Fibroma
–Hemangioma

Question 7

-most common tumors for the pediatric population
–most common pediatric ovarian mass

Answer 7

-Germ cell tumors (arising from primordial germ cell affecting children-young adults; benign or malignant )
-Dysgerminoma (malignant germ cell tumor of the ovaries, affecting teens - young woman <30 years of age)

Question 8

is a malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary, and it is the most common malignant germ cell tumor in young females. It is histologically identical to testicular seminoma. Slow growing

–solid OVARIAN MASS, lobulated, hypervascular
–possible necrosis, septa, calcifications
–abdominal distension and pain, menstrual irregularities
–lab elevated hCG, AFP, LDH

Answer 8

Dysgerminoma

Question 9

types of germ cell tumors

Answer 9

•Endodermal sinus tumor
•Malignant teratoma
•Primary choriocarcinoma
•Embryonal carcinoma

Question 10

also known as a yolk sac tumor — is a highly malignant germ cell tumor most commonly found in the ovaries (females) or testes (males), but can also occur in extragonadal sites like the mediastinum, retroperitoneum, or sacrococcygeal region.
-Arises from primitive germ cells that differentiate along the extraembryonic yolk sac lineage.
-Aggressive, rapidly growing tumor seen mostly in children and young adults.
-Produces high levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) — a key tumor marker
-Second most common germ cell tumor

Answer 10

Endodermal sinus tumor

Question 11

Very large solid tumor with necrosis & hemorrhage
–highly malignant germ cell to lung, liver, and retro nodes
–unilateral
–Ascites / peritoneal implants
–Median age 15
–May have precocious puberty
–Elevated B-hCG

Answer 11

Embryonal CA

Question 12

is the earliest and most primitive form of the kidney during embryonic development. It is nonfunctional in humans and transient, but it plays a key role in initiating the development of the later kidney structures.

Answer 12

Pronephros

Question 13

How many days and weeks are in each trimester of pregnancy?

Answer 13

-1st Tri 0 days to end of week 13w 6d
•2nd Tri 14w 0d wks to end of week 27w 6d
•3rd Tri 28w 0d wks to delivery (40 wks)

Question 14

Gestational or Menstrual Age

Answer 14

1st day of LMP and is usually expressed in weeks and days

Question 15

is a thin but tough membrane that forms part of the fetal membranes and plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting the developing embryo and fetus.

Answer 15

amnion

Question 16

-Forms around day 5–6 post-fertilization
-Has a fluid-filled cavity and two main cell groups:
- - Trophoblast (outer layer → placenta)
- - Inner Cell Mass (ICM) (→ embryo/fetus)
-hatches from the zona pellucida before implantation

Answer 16

blastocyst

Question 17

is two sets of chromosomes

Answer 17

Diploid

Question 18

contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of the biological material necessary for
cellular reproduction

Answer 18

gamete

Question 19

is to produce progesterone, necessary to maintain the
endometrium for implantation.

Answer 19

corpus luteum

Question 20

prevents the
normal involution of the corpus luteum, thus assuring continued progesterone production.

Answer 20

HCG

Question 21

The OVA is protected by two outer coverings

Answer 21

the Zona Pellucida and the Cumulous
Oophorus.

Question 22

Fertilization usually takes place in the _______ portion of the fallopian tube approximately 24 - 36 hours post ovulation.

Answer 22

ampullary

Question 23

The fertilized egg (containing 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs of chromosomes) is termed a

Answer 23

Zygote

Question 24

rror in early division may result in an embryo with
three sets of chromosomes

Answer 24

Triploidy

Question 25

The Zygote continues to undergo a series of mitotic divisions, called ______ until it becomes a solid cell mass known as the _______ (16+ cell stage).

Answer 25

-Cleavage -MORULA

Question 26

refers to the transformation of the endometrial stromal cells into specialized decidual cells in response to progesterone, preparing the uterus for implantation and pregnancy.

Answer 26

Decidualized reaction

Question 27

Trophoblast cells divide into two layers the ________ cells which produce hCG to extend the life of the CL thus preventing the uterus to shed the endometrium. It secretes an enzyme to allow for the blastocyst to implant into the endometrium. Later it will give rise to the eventual ______ and _________, then to form the chorion frondosum and eventually the fetal portion of the placenta.

Answer 27

-Syncytiotrophoblastic -chorion -chorionic villi

Question 28

The decidualized endometrium has 3 layers:

Answer 28

-Decidua Basalis– the endometrium at the point of attachment or implantation. This tissue will combine with the chorionic villi (eventually becoming the Chorion Frondosum) and becomes the maternal portion of the placenta. -Decidua Capsularis - closes over and surrounds the blastocyst. It overlies the chorionic cavity, and eventually fuses with the decidua parietalis. -Decidual Vera (Parietalis) - lines the remainder of the endometrial cavity. After delivery, it will generate new endometrial tissue.

Question 29

Trophoblast cells develop of second layer called _____ cells which will form the inner layer of amnion. The inner cell mass differentiates into two layers. The thick layer is called the ____ and the thin layer the _____.

Answer 29

-Cytotrophoblastic -Epiblast: Fluid collects within the Epiblast forming the amniotic cavity and then the amnion. -Hypoblast: The Hypoblast and trophoblast form the primary yolk sac.