Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

YEAR 4 O+G > Gynae Cancers > Flashcards

Gynae Cancers Flashcards

(46 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

summary: endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • precancerous
  • treated with progesterone (IUS or POP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

presentation endometrial cancer

A
  • PMB
  • IMB/PCB/HMB
  • abnormal PV discharge
  • haematuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

def: endometrial cancer

A

80% adenocarcinomas
oestrogen dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

RFs: endometrial cancer

A
  • age
    increased number ovulation:
  • nulliparity
  • late menopause
  • early menarche
    exposure to unopposed oestrogen:
  • obesity
  • PCOS
  • tamoxifen
  • T2DM
  • HNPCC (lynch syndrome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

protective factors: endometrial cancer

A
  • COCP
  • mirena coil
  • multiparity
  • smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ix: endometrial cancer

A
  • TVUSS for endometrial thickness >4mm
  • pipelle biopsy
  • OP hysteroscopy with biopsy
  • FIGO staging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

FIGO staging: endometrial cancer

A

stage 1 = confined to uterus
stage 2 = invades the cervix
stage 3 = invades ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina or lymph nodes
stage 4 = involves bladder, rectum or beyond pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

referral criteria: endometrial cancer

A
  • PMB = 2ww
  • unexplained vaginal discharge in >55yo = refer for TVUSS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

rx: endometrial cancer

A
  • TAH and BSO
  • radical hysterectomy
  • radiotherapy
  • chemotherapy
  • progesterone if palliative to slow progression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

common types: ovarian cancer

A

epithelial cell tumours (serous - most common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

def: Krukenberg tumour

A

metastasis in ovary from GI tract cancer (mainly stomach)
SIGNET RINGS on histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

key word: signet rings

A

Krukenberg tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RFs: ovarian cancer

A
  • age - peaks at 60
  • BRCA 1 and 2 (family hx)
  • increased number ovukations (early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity)
  • obesity
  • smoking
  • recurrent use clomifene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

protective factors: ovarian cancer

A
  • COCP
  • breast feeding
  • pregnancy
  • late menarche
  • early menopause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

presentation: ovarian cancer

A

no specific symptoms
* abdominal bloating
* early satiety
* loss of appetite
* pelvic pain
* urinary symptoms
* weight loss
* abdominal/pelvic mass
* ascites
* referred hip/groin pain if mass pressing on obturator nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

referral criteria: ovarian cancer

A

2 week wait if:
* ascites
* pelvic mass
* abdominal mass

further investigations (CA125) if over 50 and new symptoms of IBS/change in biwel habit
* abdominal bloating
* early satiety
* pelvic pain
* urinary frequency/urgency
* weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ix: ovarian cancer

A
  • CA125 >35IU/mL significant)
  • pelvic ulstrasound

(CT scan, histology and paracentesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

risk of malignancy: ovarian/endometrial cancer

A
  • menopausal status
  • ultrasound findings
  • CA125 level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ix: germ cell tumour

Study These Flashcards
A
  • CA125
  • alpha-fetoprotein
  • hCG

women under 40 with complex ovarian mass

20
Q

staging: ovarian cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

FIGO staging
1. confined to ovary
2. spread past ovary but inside pelvis
3. spread past pelvis but inside abdomen
4. spread outside abdomen

21
Q

rx: ovarian cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

surgery and chemotherapy

22
Q

assoc: cervical cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

HPV 16 and18
HPV vaccine at 12-13 to prevent this

23
Q

RFs: cervical cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

increased risk of catching HPV:
* early sexual activity
* increased number of sexual partners
* sexual parters who have had more partners
* not using condoms

non-engagement with cervical screening

others:
* smoking
* HIV
* COCP for more than 5 years
* increased number FT pregnancies
* Fhx
* diethylstilbestrol during fetal development

24
Q

presentation: cervical cancer

Study These Flashcards
A
  • may be asymptomatic picked up on screening
  • abnormal vaginal bleeding (IMB, PCB, PMB)
  • vaginal discharge
  • pelvic pain
  • dyspareunia
25
appearance: cervical cancer
* ulceration * inflammation * bleeding * visible tumour
26
staging: CIN
diagnosed at colposcopy CIN I - mild dysplasia affecting 1/3 thickness of epithelial layer - likely to return with no treatment CIN II - moderate dysplasia, affecting 2/3 epithelial thickness and likely to progress to cancer if untreated CIN III - severe dysplasia and very likely to progress to cancer in untreated (cervical carcinoma in situ)
27
screening: cervical cancer
smear test every 3 years 25-49 and every 5 years 50-64 DO NOT SMEAR IF LESION SEEN - only for asymptomatic women checks for dyskaryosis * HIV - screened annually * women over 65 may request if they have not had since age 50 * women with previous CIN or immunocompromised may require additional rests * pregnancy women due routine smear should wait 12 weeks post-partum
28
rx: smear results
* Inadequate sample – repeat the smear after at least three months * HPV negative – continue routine screening * HPV positive with normal cytology – repeat the HPV test after 12 months * HPV positive with abnormal cytology – refer for colposcopy
29
steps: colposcopy
speculum and using acetic acid and iodeine solution * acetic acid causes abnormal cells to appear white (aceetowhite) - CIN or cervical cancer * Schiller's iodine test with stain normal cells brown and with not stain abnormal areas punch biopsies and large loop excision of transfomation zone can be performed
30
rx: CIN
LLETZ - diathermy removes abnormal cells - can cause preterm labour) - local anaesthetic cone biopsy - treatment for CIN and early stage cancer - GA
31
staging: cervical cancer
FIGO staging 1. confined to cervix 2. invades uterus or upper 2/3 vagina 3. invades pelvic wall or lower 1/3 vagina 4. invades bladder, rectum or beyond pelvis
32
rx: cervical cancer
CIN or early stage 1A - LLETZ or cone biopsy stage 1B-2A radical hysterectomy and removal of local lympth nodes + chemo + radio stage 2B-4A chemo and radio stage 4B - surgery, radio, chemo and palliative
33
rx: recurrent cervical cancer
Bevacizumab (avastin) targets VEGF-A
34
HPV 6 and 11
genital warts
35
HPV 16 and 18
cervical cancer
36
type: vulval cancer
squamous cell carcinoma (90%) very few malignant melanoma
37
RFs: vulval cancer
* advanced age (75+) * immunosuppresion * HPV * LICHEN SCLEROSIS
38
presentation: vulval cancer
* vulval lump * ulceration * bleeding * pain * itching * lymphadeopathy in groin
39
main affected area: vulval cancer
labia majora * irregular mass * fungating lesion * ulceration * bleeding
40
high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion: vulval cancer
associated with HPV infection 16 and 18 RF - smoking
41
low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion: vulval cancer
HpV 6 and 11
42
differntiated VIN: vulval cancer
older women not associated with HPV
43
diagnosis: vulval cancer
* biopsy of lesion * sentinel node biopsy * CTAP
44
staging: vulval cancer
FIGO staging * WLE * groin node dissection * chemotherapy * radiotherapy
45
rx: atypical endometrial hyperplasia
total hysterectomy
46
rx: post-menopausal atypical endometrial hyperplasia
TAH and BSO

YEAR 4 O+G (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions