Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 3a Gynae + breast ca > Gynae malignancy > Flashcards

Gynae malignancy Flashcards

(53 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is the mc gynae cancer world-wide ?

A

endometrial
85% survival rate 5y at stage 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

All gynae malignancies have what staging?
imaging?

A

FIGO 1-4 Staging

imaging for staging = PET, CT AP, MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common type of endometrial cancer?
% and type of cell?

A

80% ADENOCARCINOMA (Glandular epithelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

type 1 and type 2 endometrial cancer:
prognosis?
cause?

A

Type 1 - MC, Better prognosis, high oestrogen related

type 2 - Poor prognosis, atrophic, may resemble ovarian tumours, p53 Mutation (clear cell carcinoma, serous carcinoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RF for endometrial cancer?

A

unopposed oestrogen
genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what causes unopposed oestrogen causing endometrial cancer?

A

nulliparous, early menarche, late menopause, oestrogen only HRT, PCOS, Tamoxifen (breast cancer med), T2DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are protective factors?

A

COCP, IUS, Multiparty and breast feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some of the genetic factors causing endometrial cancer?

A

HNPCC (MLH/MSH Mutation auto dom)
KRAS
p53
PTEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sx of endometrial cancer?
typical PX?

A

ANY 50+ post menopausal women coming with unexplained post menopausal bleeding

+dysparanunia, pelvic mass, dysuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens if this Px comes in?

A

2 WW cancer pathway referral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dx for endometrial cancer?

A

bimanual exam = large and irregular uterus

1st = TV USS

GS = hysteroscopy and biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what would be seen on TV USS?
How thick in the endometrium normally and abnormally?

A

> 5mm thick = worry
8mm if on HRT/Tamoxifen

if myometrium involved, may see subendometrial halo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the staging for endometrial cancer 1-4 and spread?

A

1 = uterus only
2 = + cervix
3 = + pelvis + lymph nodes
4 = + extra pelvic eg. mets to bladder, lungs, liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tx for stages 1,2,3+4?

A

1+2 = hysterectomy + bilateral salp

3+4 = debunking + adjuvant chemo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the survival rate for stage 1 making it 5 years for ovarian cancer?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 3 types of ovarian cancer and %?

A

epithelial 70%
germ cell 20%
sex cord 10%

+ 2^ from GIT (KRUKENBURN TUMOUR (signet ring adenocarcinoma) + 2^ from breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

epithelial + germ + sex cord - what types of cells?

A

MC serous, mucinous (large, rupture = pseudomyxoma peritones)

teratoma (hair and teeth), dysgerminoma

theca - granulosa (coffee bean nuclei on histopathology), sertoli-leydig, fibroma (meg syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

RF for ovarian cancer?

A

unstopped oestrogen (as endometrial)
BRCA 1+2 Genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sx of ovarian cancer?
typical Px?

A

50+ post menopausal female with first Time IBS-like or GI Sx
bloating, constipation, indigestion, abdo pain vague, dysuria/retention
+/- mets (eg. jaundice)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dx of ovarian cancer?

A

1st = TV USS (Complex cysts - multilocular bilateral free fluid heterogeneous)
+ CA 125
GS = Pipelle biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when do you do TV USS?

A

only do it then CA 125 IS 35 IU/L or greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Other causes for raised CA 125?

Study These Flashcards
A

Menstruation
benign cysts
PID

23
Q

What would you consider testing for in germ cell?

Study These Flashcards
A

AFP + BetahCG

24
Q

What is RMI and how do we access it?

Study These Flashcards
A

Risk of malignancy index

Menopause status + CA 125 + USS Findings

250+ = specialist assessment for biopsy

25
what is the staging for ovarian cancer and location of spread?
1 = ovaries 2 = + pelvis 3 = + peritoneum/LNs 4 = + distant mets (liver, brain, bowel)
26
Tx for each stage?
1 = hyst + b/l salp 2-4 = debunking + adjuvant chemo (cisplatin)
27
what are pre surgery bloods that are done?
FBC = Anemia U+E = renal function Crossmatch group and save = transfusion clotting screen = DIC/Bleeding risk
28
what are 2 comps of ovarian cancer?
stroma ovarii meig syndrome
29
What is stroma ovarii?
high t4 due to ovarian tumour (teratoma) - comprising ectopic thyroid tissue
30
what is meig syndrome ?
fibroma (benign) = ovarian fibroma + ascites + pleural effusion
31
Who does cervical cancer mostly affect? age?
30-45 y sexually active females
32
what are the 2 types of cervical cancer and %?
squamous - 90% adenocarcinoma - 10%
33
RF for cervical cancer?
high risk HPV strains Unprotected sexual intercourse (non screening) Non HPV vaccinated COCP Use HIV Smoking Immunosuppression
34
which strains of HPV Can cause cervical cancer?
16, 18, 31, 45 (inhibit p53 + tumour supressor genes)
35
what can HPV 6 + 11 Cause?
genital warts and oral ulcers
36
what is the 5 year survival rate for stage 1 and stage 2 cervical cancer?
stage 1 = 95% stage 2 = 5% SCREENING IS KEY
37
when is cervical screening done, at what ages and how often?
25 - 49 = every 3 years 50-65 = every 5 years
38
what 3 tests are conduced for cervical screening?
PAP smear, cytology biopsy, colposcopy
39
how often do people with HIV get cervical screening done?
annually
40
what happens if someone gets an inadequate sample? what happens if this happens again?
inadequate sample again in 3 months happens again 3 months AGAIN!!! = colposcopy
41
what happens if a high risk HPV strain comes back positive but the cytology is normal? what happens if this happens again?
12 months recall same again 12 months AGAIN!!! colposcopy
42
when should a PAP smear be avoided?
menstruation PID <12 months Postpartum, TOP or miscarriage
43
what does CIN stand for?
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
44
what are the 3 results it can come back as?
CIN 1 = not worrying CIN 2 = Moderate dyskaryosib = risk of ca CIN 3 = Major dyskaryosus - cervical cancer in situ
45
Sx: early? later?
early = aSx later = cervicitis = post coital/intermentrual bleeding, abnormal discharge increased, vaginal DISCOMFORT
46
Dx of cervical cancer?
Screening exam = speculum = erosions, masses, ulcers colposcopy + biopsy
47
what are the FIGO levels of spread for cervical cancer?
1. Cervix (A=Microscopic, B=Visible) 2. + upper 2/3 vagina 3. + lower 1/3 vagina or pelvic wall 4. + bladder/rectum/extrapelvic
48
Tx for: CIN? 1-2A? 2B-4A? 4B?
Large loop excision of the transformational zone (LLETZ) Hysterectomy and chemo Cisplatin chemo +/- radio Cisplatin + bevacizumab (VEGF blocker - vascular endothelial GF) =PALLIATIVE CHEMO
49
What are the 2 types of vulval cancers? age it affects?
squamous - 90% melanoma - 10% (sunbed use) 35-55 y/o
50
RF for vulval cancers? younger? older?
younger = HPV associated, unprotected sex older = lichen sclerosis (kravosis vulvae)
51
Sx of vulval cancer?
vulvadynia!!!! (pain) superficial dysparanunia ulcers inguinal lymadenopathy
52
Dx for vulval cancer?
2 WW for biopsy
53
Tx for figo 1A and 1B+
1A = <2cm - wide local excision (+ LN removal) 1B+ = 2+ cm or 1+ cm deep vulvectomy + B/L LN removal

Phase 3a Gynae + breast ca (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions