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Question 1

What is an Undecidable Problem?

Answer 1

A problem that cannot be solved by any algorithm.

Examples include the Halting Problem.

Question 2

Define the Halting Problem.

Answer 2

An undecidable problem where we can’t determine if a program will stop or loop forever.

Question 3

What is an Intractable Problem?

Answer 3

A problem that cannot be solved efficiently in a reasonable time.

Question 4

What is a Heuristic?

Answer 4

An approach that finds a ‘good enough’ solution when perfect is too slow.

Question 5

What does the Traveling Salesman Problem involve?

Answer 5

Finding the shortest route that visits all points once and returns to the start.

Question 6

Define Brute Force in problem solving.

Answer 6

Tries every possibility to find the perfect solution — accurate but slow.

Question 7

What is Sequential Computing?

Answer 7

Runs one step at a time, in order, on one computer.

Question 8

What is Parallel Computing?

Answer 8

Splits tasks into parts that run at the same time on multiple processors.

Question 9

How is Speedup calculated?

Answer 9

Sequential time ÷ parallel time.

Question 10

What is Distributed Computing?

Answer 10

Multiple computers on a network working together to solve a task.

Question 11

What is a Web Crawler?

Answer 11

Software that scans and collects web pages for indexing.

Question 12

What is an Index in the context of search?

Answer 12

Catalog of web content for faster searching.

Question 13

What does a Search Algorithm do?

Answer 13

Decides which pages show first — uses keywords, behavior, location, etc.

Question 14

What is a Filter Bubble?

Answer 14

Personalized results that limit what you see online.

Question 15

True or False: Bias in Search refers to algorithms that reinforce bias or hide certain perspectives.

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

Define the Internet.

Answer 16

Global network of networks using TCP/IP.

Question 17

What is HTTP?

Answer 17

Protocol for loading web pages on the World Wide Web.

Question 18

What is the role of a Router?

Answer 18

Device that connects different networks and directs traffic.

Question 19

What does Digital Divide refer to?

Answer 19

Gap between people who have access to the internet and those who don’t.

Question 20

What is a Client in networking?

Answer 20

A device or app that requests data (like Chrome or Gmail).

Question 21

What is a Server?

Answer 21

A computer that responds to client requests and provides services.

Question 22

What is a Computing System?

Answer 22

Group of devices and programs working together to solve a task.

Question 23

What is TCP?

Answer 23

Breaks data into packets, numbers them, reorders on arrival.

Question 24

What does IP add to packets?

Answer 24

Addresses so they know where to go.

Question 25

What is Bandwidth?

Answer 25

Amount of data that can be sent per second.

Question 26

What is Latency?

Answer 26

Time it takes for a message to go from sender to receiver.

Question 27

What is the Application Layer in the Internet Layers model?

Answer 27

Composes the message.

Question 28

What does the Transport Layer do?

Answer 28

Splits data into packets and adds order info.

Question 29

What is the Internet Layer responsible for?

Answer 29

Adds IP addresses and chooses path.

Question 30

What does the Link Layer do?

Answer 30

Sends packets physically through the network.

Question 31

Define Packet Switching.

Answer 31

Sends packets over various paths; reassembled at destination.

Question 32

What is Fault Tolerance?

Answer 32

The internet keeps working even if parts fail.

Question 33

What is Network Redundancy?

Answer 33

Multiple paths to increase reliability.

Question 34

What does the Domain Name System (DNS) do?

Answer 34

Translates a domain name into an IP address.

Question 35

What are IPv4 addresses?

Answer 35

32-bit IP addresses.

Question 36

What are IPv6 addresses?

Answer 36

128-bit IP addresses (newer, more addresses).

Question 37

Define a Packet.

Answer 37

A chunk of data sent across the internet.

Question 38

What is a Host?

Answer 38

Device directly connected to the internet.

Question 39

What is Metadata?

Answer 39

Data about data (e.g., packet routing info).

Question 40

What is a Caesar Cipher?

Answer 40

Each letter is shifted by a fixed number.

Question 41

Define a Simple Substitution Cipher.

Answer 41

One letter replaced by another using a secret key.

Question 42

What is a Vigenère Cipher?

Answer 42

Uses a keyword to apply different Caesar shifts per letter.

Question 43

What characterizes a Transposition Cipher?

Answer 43

Rearranges letters instead of changing them.

Question 44

What is Frequency Analysis?

Answer 44

Cracks ciphers by looking at common letter patterns.

Question 45

What is a One-Time Pad?

Answer 45

Perfect encryption using a random key as long as the message.

Question 46

Define Symmetric Encryption.

Answer 46

Same key used to encrypt and decrypt.

Question 47

What is Asymmetric Encryption?

Answer 47

Public key encrypts, private key decrypts.

Question 48

What are SSL/TLS?

Answer 48

Protocols used in HTTPS to secure online communication.

Question 49

What does HTTPS stand for?

Answer 49

Secure web communication using encryption.

Question 50

What constitutes a Strong Password?

Answer 50

Easy to remember, hard to guess.

Question 51

What is Multifactor Authentication?

Answer 51

Uses password + phone code + fingerprint, etc.

Question 52

Define Malware.

Answer 52

Software made to harm or take control of a system.

Question 53

What is a Virus?

Answer 53

Spreads itself and attaches to other files.

Question 54

What is Ransomware?

Answer 54

Locks your device until a ransom is paid.

Question 55

What does Phishing involve?

Answer 55

Tricks you into giving up personal info.

Question 56

What is a Keylogger?

Answer 56

Records your keystrokes secretly.

Question 57

What is a Rogue Access Point?

Answer 57

Fake Wi-Fi access that gives hackers access.

Question 58

What is the purpose of a Firewall?

Answer 58

Blocks unauthorized access to a network.

Question 59

What is Crowdsourcing?

Answer 59

Using public input to solve problems or gather data.

Question 60

What are Citizen Science Apps?

Answer 60

Non-experts collect/analyze real-world data.

Question 61

What are the Risks of Crowdsourcing?

Answer 61

Bad data, privacy issues.

Question 62

Define Big Data.

Answer 62

Huge or complex datasets traditional tools can’t handle.

Question 63

What is Data Mining?

Answer 63

Finding patterns/trends in big data.

Question 64

What is Machine Learning?

Answer 64

Algorithms that learn from data without being explicitly coded.

Question 65

What is a Neural Network?

Answer 65

AI model inspired by the brain, recognizes patterns.

Question 66

What is Algorithmic Bias?

Answer 66

When bias appears in AI because of biased data or code.

Question 67

What are Visualization Tools?

Answer 67

Google Sheets, Maps, charts, filters.

Question 68

What is GeoJSON?

Answer 68

File format for mapping geographical data.

Question 69

Define CSV.

Answer 69

Text-based format where each row is a data entry.

Question 70

What is an API?

Answer 70

Connects apps to share or request data.

Question 71

Complete the Hypothesis Format: If ___, then ___.

Answer 71

[condition], [outcome].

Question 72

What is TinyDB?

Answer 72

Local storage on one device, synchronous (immediate).

Question 73

What is CloudDB?

Answer 73

Web-based, shared across devices, asynchronous (delayed).

Question 74

Define Synchronous in computing.

Answer 74

Responds instantly.

Question 75

What does Asynchronous mean?

Answer 75

Takes time; doesn’t respond immediately.

Question 76

What is Copyright?

Answer 76

Legal protection for original work.

Question 77

What is Fair Use?

Answer 77

Limited legal use without permission.

Question 78

What are Creative Commons?

Answer 78

Licenses that show how others can use your work.

Question 79

What does DMCA stand for?

Answer 79

Copyright law that punishes sharing or copying protected content.

Question 80

What is Open Source?

Answer 80

Software anyone can use, share, and modify freely.

Question 81

What does Open Access refer to?

Answer 81

Research/data that’s free and open to the public.

Question 82

What is Peer-to-Peer (P2P)?

Answer 82

Computers share files without a central server.

Question 83

What was Napster?

Answer 83

Early P2P music-sharing app — sued for copyright infringement.