H&D - Malaria Management Flashcards
(18 cards)
information
vaccines
- 2 vaccinse recommended by WHO = RTS,S & R21
- creates resistance to the parasite
- R21 has been gven out in 2024 to many ppl in africa
- RTS,S - 18mil doses for 12 countries for use btw 2023-2025
information
insecticide treated nets (ITNs)
- places around bed at bight = physical and chemical barrier against mosquitoes
- used a tnight when mosquitoes are most active
information
indoor residual spraying (IRS)
- insecticide being sprayed on internal walls and ceilings
- mosquitoes r endophilic = rest on walls & ceilings while looking for food = receive lethal insecticide dose = die
information
rapid diagnostic tests
- alternative to examining blood under microscope to check for malaria
- results produced in 20 mins
- once diagnosis condirmed, appropriate drug treatment prescribed
- 3.1 RDTs sold for malaria 2010-2020
information
artemisinin-based combinationtherapies (ACTs)
- reduce the no of parasites within first 3 days if treatment
- partner drug eliminates remaining parasites
- prevents malaria progressing to severe disease or death
information
chloroquine
used to treat infections only in places where resistance has not emerged
information
malaria chemoprophylaxis for travellers
meds given to travellers before entering a malaria-y area
information
draining/flushing/removing breeding grounds
- breeding grounds = stagnant water in paddy fields or ditches
- flushing land before eggs are laid = decline in no of mosquitoes = reduced transmission
- repairing damaged water pipes
information
genetically modified mosquitoes
- disabling fertility genes in male mosquitoes = released into wild = no offspring produced when mating
- increasing chance of male being born = less transition by female = pop collapses over time
effectiveness
vaccines
- prevent 75% of malaria episodes when given seasonally
- R21 is only $2-4 per dose = easily deployable and affordable
- lower effectiveness where malaria is all year around
effectiveness
ITNs
- reduced malria incididence by 50% in sub-saharan africa
- most effective when produced w/ insecticide
- can be used up for 3 years = long term
effectiveness
IRS
- all houses in a neighbourhood must have high cverage
- increases insecticide resistance = 68/80 malaria endemic countries report at least one type of resistance
effectiveness
RDTs
- simple to perform and interpret = rapidly provide test results = allows for diagnosis on community level
- early diagnosis and treatnebt reduces disease and prevents deaths = less transmission
effectiveness
ACTs
- reduction in avg hospital stays
- future efficacy may fall bc ACTs resistance in SE asia
effectiveness
chloroquinine
- usually given first , but if it doesnt work bc of resistance alternative drug used = time consuming and costly
- e.g. india
effectiveness
chemoprophylaxis
only highly effective when other measures are used, e.g. ITNs = resource heavy = not reliable for travellers
effectiveness
breeding grounds
- eggs can still be laid in v small amounts of water
- some studies suggest laral source management is v effective and important to fight against malaria
effectiveness
genetically modified mosquitoes
- releasing 5/6 gm mossies could cut reproducing female pop by half
- not yet used to effectively reduce mosquito pops
