H1 - Describe Framing Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
6How many stories is a low-rise building?
A
Three stories or less. Regulated by Part 9 of the Building Code.
2
Q
Part 9(Small House and Buildings) regulates which kind of framing?
A
Platform and balloon
3
Q
What is the order of construction in Platform-frame construction?
A
Floor used as platform to build walls (walls built independently.)
4
Q
How are the wall studs placed in Balloon-frame Construction(Eastern frame)
A
Continuous wall studs extend from the sill plate on the concrete foundation right up to the top of the 2nd story walls.
5
Q
Approximately how long is a stud in platform construction?*
A
92 1/4. To allow for bottom and 2 top plates.
6
Q
What is the height of framed walls in platform-frame construction?*
A
8 and 3/4”
7
Q
How long are the studs in balloon-frame construction?
A
18 feet long.
8
Q
What do second floor joists rest on in balloon frame construction?
A
A ledger, let into the balloon frame walls.
9
Q
What do post, beam, and plank construction consist of?*
A
Larger dimension members that can be spaced at more than 24” on center.(with engineer approval) Planking is thicker than conventional plywood floor sheathing to allow it to span larger distances.
10
Q
Can post, beam and plank construction be incorporated into platform framing?
A
Yes, it is often done for architectural purposes.(for beauty)
11
Q
Where is Heavy TImber construction used?
A
It is a variation of Post and beam. It’s used in temporary building such as false work or permanent such as trestles, bridges, towers, wharves, piers, retaining walls, poles and towers for power lines.
12
Q
Where do architects use Timber framing?
A
Where it is possible for the large timbers to leave a beautiful structural frame exposed.
13
Q
How does Industrial construction use heavy timber - standard mill construction?
A
Heavy floor planking rests directly on girders, which in turn are supported by columns.
14
Q
How does Industrial construction use heavy timber - semi-mill construction?
A
In semi-mill construction, floor planking rests on beams, which in turn are supported by girders and columns. The beams may be supported on the top of the girders by steel beam hangers.
15
Q
How does Industrial construction use heavy timber - Laminated-mill construction?
A
The name comes from the way subfloor planks are installed.
The planks are set on edge and laminated by nailing them together. This is done directly on the girders, which are supported by columns.
*DO not confuse with LVL
16
Q
What is Heavy-Timber Construction?
A
It is a variation of post-and-beam construction. It uses wooden beams and columns that are 5” or larger in nominal dimension.
17
Q
In institutional and residential buildings, how are timbers chosen?
A
For beauty rather than strength.
18
Q
Where does shrinkage occur the most in a piece of lumber?
A
Shrinkage is very little in length compared to the shrinkage across the width of the wooden joists or beams.
19
Q
In what time length does settling occur in a building?
A
It takes considerable time. Due to the nature of the weather, it may be years before the full design snow load is applied to the roof.
20
Q
Which settles more: Platform framing or balloon-framing?
A
The combination of the three wall plates and floor joists can cause up to 13 mm or 1/2” in. of shrinkage per floor level
In Balloon framing, joists resist on ledgers and three plates are not needed. This eliminates much of the shrinkage and settling due to the floor joists and plates.
21
Q
How much does post, beam and plank construction shrink?
A
It will have similar shrinkage to platform-framing.
Longer posts extending to the roof level along with steel brackets for floor joist beam brackets will help eliminate that.
22
Q
How is cement stucco applied to allow for shrinkage and settling on a wood-frame building?
A
Expansion joints are used at each floor level to allow the building to move without buckling.
23
Q
How is masonry veneer applied to allow for shrinkage and settling?
A
Space must be left at the top of the masonry veneer, space depends on the number of stories of veneer.
24
Q
Why are balloon-framed components combined with other types of framing?
A
Lack of shrinkage and settling
25
Why are post and beam components sometimes combined with other kinds of framing?
Creating large open spaces.
26
When are roof systems not dependent on the floor and wall-framing system?
As long as the point loads are carried to the foundation.
27
What is a PWF?
Load bearing, wood-frame wall system designed to support light-frame construction below grade.
Ideal for both: Low-rise single-family and multi-level residential buildings.
28
What is thermal bridging?
Heat loss. The framing materials act as a conduit for heat to leak through the walls.
29
What is the R-Value of Wood per inch?
One R value Per inch. A 2 by 6 has an R Value of 6.
30
What framing system is the standard stud length based?
Platform-frame
31
Which framing system is used to create large open spaces?
Post & Beam
32
Why must concrete footings be enlarged for post, beam and plank framing?
Supporting the concentrated (POINT) loads
33
Which framing system is the fastest to construct?
Platform-Frame
34
Which framing system requires its components to be designed by a registered p. engineer?
Post, Beam & Blank building - If framing members are more than 24" oc
35
What Part of the building code covers the design of platform framing?
Part 9
36
What types of framing systems usually use wood trusses?
Platform or Balloon.
37
What must be done if changes are made to the structure of a wood-frame building?
A complete review of structural design.
38
What two exterior finishes require special attention to shrinkage and settling?
Cement Stucco and Masonry Veneer?
39
What is a Foundation?
The lowest part of the building, on which the walls and floors rest. Foundations are typically concrete and consist of walls and footings. They support and transfer loads to the ground.
40
What is a Camber?
On a manuf. beam or girder, there is a Camber or Upward curve built into it. This prevents sagging due to its own weight or the load it must carry. These members may be made from Glue-lam wood products, steel or concrete.
41
What is a Crown?
Lumber joists warp. If the joist warps along its narrow edge, the warp is called a crown or cook. Install joists with the Crown or Crook up.
42
Define walls?
Support loads, define building spaces.
43
What does a load bearing wall carry?
Loads such as roof or floors.
44
What does a non-load bearing wall carry?
They do not carry loads imposed on them, they may or may not be full height walls.
45
What does a Partition wall do?
Define rooms and building spaces, may or may not be load bearing.
46
What do Shear walls do?
Used to provide lateral stability.
47
What is a buttress wall?
Short walls built at right angles to the main wall, longer at the bottom than the top. They add extra support and stiffening to the wall.
48
What does Breaking joints mean?
Used to describe staggering the joints in sheathing or top plates.
Distances of four feet usually offsets the end joints of a plywood sheet.
BC: Joints in top plates must be offset by at least one stud space, but better to offset by two or more stud spaces.
49
What is a uniformly distributed load.
Means that the load along a structural member, such as a beam or a bearing wall is consistent throughout the length of the beam or wall.
Uniform loads are distributed evenly and do not require framing additional to the code prescribed spacing, materials, nailing pattersn, etc.
50
What is a Point Load?
A point load is a concentrated load.
Eg, The bearing points that support a girder truss or beam are point loads.
Often require additional framing materials or hardware to protect wood from compression forces.
51
What is a load path?
The transfer of a load down to the foundation. Path is normally vertical.
When members such as beams, lintels and cantilvers are involved - the load apth is more horizontal or angled.
52
What is a Tributary width?
For beams and lintels is the supported joist length bearing on that member.
For rafters, roof joists and trusses - tributary width is the supported length which is usually: 1/2 span + protection
53
What os the tributary area?
The share of the structure that is being suppported by a structural building component. Tributary area is used when calculating concentrated loads.
54
What is a cornice?
A cornice is the outward projection of a roof where it meets the wall.
55
What are shed or gable dormers?
Projections in a roof to provide more space and light in the attic.
56
What is an eave?
An eave or cornice is the projection of the roof beyond the exterior wall. It includes the fascia, gutter, rafter tails and soffit or plancier.
57
The triangular-shaped end of a gbale roof is called a gablel.
The ends of cabinetwork are also called gable.
58
What is a soffit?
Soffit: Underside of a building component. The soffit is under the eaves is where the term is most commonly used.
But underside of chair is soffit,
Underside of beam is soffit,
59
What are air spaces.
Are spaces are the gaps around the ends of members entering a confined area such as a beam pocket. They allow space for air to circulate around the member, thus preventing decay.
60
What is an attic?
An attic refers to the space between the upper floor ceiling and the roofing. It can also refer to an area close off between a dwarf wall and a sloping roof. Attic spaces are also known as "roof spaces"
61
What is a crawl space?
Areas under the floor system that are not full height. Crawl spaces may provide access for services such as heating and electrical equipment, and plumbing cleanouts. Must have a minimum clear height access way of no less than 600 mm.
62
What is a rough opening?
Rough openings are opening in the framing for doors, windows, stairs or other similar items.
63
Floor and Ceiling: What is a column?
Vertical members made from wood, steel or concrete.
Used to support beams. Aka "Posts"
64
Floor and Ceiling: What is a beam?
Horizontal members of wood, steel or concrete that used to support floor joists. Larger beams that support other beams are often called girders.
65
Floor and Ceiling: What is a boxing or (rim) joist?
The perimeter joist around the outside of the building. They support the ends of the floor joists.
66
Floor and Ceiling: What are floor joists?
Members that span from wall to wall or wall to beam. Support sheathing, and may also support the finished ceiling for the floor level below.
67
Floor and Ceiling: What is a ceiling joist?
Used in rafter-framed roofs. They support the ceiling finish. If the ridge of the roof is unsupported, the ceiling joists tie the ends of the rafter together and prevent the roof from collapsing.
68
Floor & Ceiling: What is a ledger?
A Horizontal board nailed or bolted to the side of a beam, boxing joist or wall to support joist. They run up to 90 degrees and either rest on or are HUNG from ledgers by hangars.
69
Floor and Ceiling: What is a trimmer joist?
Frame an opening and are paralell to the floor joists. The ends of trimmers are supported by walls or beams.
Support the header joists & and usually doubled.
70
Floor and Ceiling: What is a header joist?
Perpendicular to the floor joists and frame openings. They're supported by the trimmer and are often doubled.
They support the ends of tail joists.
71
Floor and Ceiling: What are tail joists?
Regular floor joists that are shortened by the position of the floor opening.
The header and wall or beam support the ends of the tail joist.
72
Walls and Partitions: What does a non-load-bearing wall support?
It supports only it's weight.
73
Walls and Partitions: What is a partition wall?
Interior walls. They are known as partition walls because they partition the building into separate rooms. Can be load bearing or non load bearing.
74
Walls and Partitions: What kind of walls have a sloped top plate?
Rake walls, which are normally under sloped ceilings.
75
Plates: What is a sill plate?
Not part of the wall frame. They support the floor joists and are attached to the concrete foundation walls with anchor bolts.
76
Plates: What is a bottom plate?
Lowest horizontal members in a framed wall. Nailed to the bottom of studs. Aligns walls and is nailed to the floor.
77
Plates: What is a Top plate?
Nailed to the top of the studs. Keep the walls in line, anchor to the top of the studs, support joists or rafters.
78
Plates: What is a double top (upper plate)?
Nailed to the top of the top plate. Used to support floor joists or framing members that land between the studs.
Helps straighten top of the wall. reinforces joints in the top plate, and interlocks corners and wall inersections.
79
Plates: What is the rough sill?
The horizontal framing member at the bottom of a window opening.
80
Studs: What is a common stud?
Vertical member that run full-length between the top and botom plates of the wall framing.
Support the vertical load of floors and/or roof above. They also form a base for attaching interior finish and exterior sheathing.
81
Studs: What are Cripples? or AKA Trimmers
Vertical members attached to studs to support lintels.
82
Studs: What are Jack Studs?
Shorter length than full-length studs. Referred to as "Upper jack studs" when they are above the lintels, and lower jack studs then they are under the rough sill of a window opening.
83
What is a header?
The framing area above a window or door and may contain a beam called a lintel.
84
What is a lintel?
Often called headers, horizontal members used to support loads over door and window openings.
Usually doubled and sometimes tripled to support heavier loads.
85
Roofs: Framing done using roof joists, rafters and ceiling joists is often referred to as what?
Stick framing.
86
Roofs: What is a roof truss?
A manufactured unit that consists of the rafters, ceiling joists and webs. They are held together using gusset plates at the joints.
Manufactured in a plant, trucked to the site and lifted into place witha crane.
87
If roof joists are used to frame a gable roof, what is needed in between the joists to support the joists?
A ridge beam is needed to support the joists.
88
Roofs: What is a ceiling joist?
Supports the ceiling finish and sometimes an attic load.
For gable roofs with slopes of 4/12 and greater, the ceiling joists tie the ends of the rafters together creating triangles in order support the roof.
89
Roofs: What are rafters?
Rafters support the roof load, but not the ceiling finish, as they are angled. Rafters support the roof sheathing.
Different rafters are named for their location in the roof systems.
90
What is the tail of the rafter?
The portion of the rafter extending beyond the exterior walls.
91
What is the overhang length?
The length of the tail measured along the slop of the rafter is the overhang length
91
What is the overhang length?
The length of the tail measured along the slop of the rafter is the overhang length
92
What is the protection length?
The length of the tail measured horizontally from the wall is the projection.
93
Roofs: What are purlins?
Structural members that run at right angles to the rafters.
94
Roofs: What are cross purlins?
Smaller members that are used to provide cross-ventilation above roof joists and attachment points for some roofing materials.
Installed on the TOP of roof joists.
95
Roofs: What are collar ties?
Horizontal members that connect a pair of opposing rafters and reduce the unsupported span.
96
Roofs: What are pony walls?
Short walls or dwarf walls. They may be used to support the roof loads or floor loads.
Load bearing pony walls require foundation support.
Supporting rafters may be off vertical no more than 45 degrees.
97
Roofs: What are knee walls?
Type of pony wall that supports the rafters & closes the attic space. Knee walls must be plumb.
98
Roofs: What is the ridge board?
The highest horizontal member of the roof. The top end of a rafter or roof joist is attached to the ridge board. Ridge board is not used to support the load from the rafters.
99
Roofs: What are ridge beams?
Support the load of the rafters or roof joists. Columns that extend to the concrete foundation must support the ridge beam.
100
What is the purpose of bracing, blocking and framing?
The framing members make up the skeleton of the building are usually reinforced with bracing, bridging & blocking.
101
What is backing?
Refers to pieces of solid lumber or plywood in walls floors and ceilings to support finishes, hardware, fixtures, cabinets, shelving, curtain rods, etc.
102
What is wind bracing?
Used to stiffen walls. Diagonal lumber wall sheathing or panel type wall sheathing acts as the wind bracing if they're used.
103
What is Roof Bracing?
Refers to members installed to brace the gable end of a gable roof.
It's needed rafter or truss-framed roofs for a twist restrain, to prevent buckling, and to prevent the domino effect in roof truss framing.
104
What is back framing?
The process of blacing blocking and lumber to provide support for fastening finishes, hardware and fixtures.
Done after all the framing for a floor level is complete. Non structural usually.
105
What kind of back framing is structurally supportive?
Blocking at the rim joist to transfer down load points, and blocking between floor joists to support partition walls are done for structural purposes.
106
What is bridging?
Used between floor joists to prevent the joists from twisting, also helps distribute floor load.
107
What is blocking?
Used similarly to briding, the block also helps to distribute the floor load, but not as well as bridging if joists shrink due to drying.
108
What is strapping?
Used to prevent bottom of joists from twisting. It can also be spaced apart to support ceiling finishes or some types of roofing.
109
What are Girts?
Girts are pieces of solid blocking installed between the studs, usually at mid height of the wall. Used to stiffen the wall or to act as fire stops.
110
The spacing of studs, joists, rafters and trusses is normally measured from the centre of one to the centre of the next. What is this referred to as?
On-Centre spacing
111
What is the Clear span of a beam, joist, rafter or truss?
The clear span of a beam, joist, rafter or truss is the clear distance measured on a horizontal plane.
112
What is supported length?
Used to determine loads on beams and lintels. It typically uses the total span, as opposed to the clear span, and will include projections past the wall.
113
How does a girder differ from a beam?
Girder are large beams that support other beams
114
List three wall-framing memebrs that have two names.
1) Lintel and Header
2) Cripple Stud and Trimmer Stud
3) Jack Stud and Cripple Stud
115
Explain the difference between a header and a trimmer in floor framing?
Trimmer joists are spanning joists which run paralell with main joists to support the header joists.
Header joists run perpendicular to the main joists and support tail joists.
116
What are two main functions of a girt?
1) Stiffen walls
| 2) Acts as a fire stop
117
Which two types of studs are not full wall height?
Cripple studs and jack studs
118
LIst three members that can be used to support ceiling finish
1) ceiling joist
2) roof joist
3) collar ties
4) Strapping
5) Roof Trusses
119
What is a purlin?
Structural members that run at right angles to the rafters
120
What are the main two functions of sheathing?
1) Provides lateral support
2) braces floor, wall and roof diagonally
3) Support finishes
121
Where are collar ties used?
Roof framing to reduce span of others.
122
What is formed when two roofs intersect?
Valley roof
123
What is done to allow the attic space to be used for living space?
Dormers are added to the roof design.
124
What is the main advantage of a flat roof?
It allows maximum usable area when limited by building zone height restrictions.
125
Gable roofs are one of the worst designs for what?
Hurricane regions.
126
A gable roof with a longer slope on one side is called what?
A saltbox roof.
127
What are some advantages of hip roofs?
Eliminate the need for gable end wall framing and they end to be self-bracing.
128
What is a dutch hip roof?
A dutch hip is a stylized version of a hip roof that has a hip with a small gable above it.
129
What is a gambrel roof?
A variation of a gable roof with each side having 2 slopes. The top slope is less teep than the lower sloped part. AKA Barn roof
130
What is a Mansard roof?
Similar to a hip, but with another a top slope which is less steep. Allows lots of floor space in the attic area
131
What is the main function of the heartwood?
To give structural support to the tree, the wood becomes strong as cell walls harden with the loss of sap.
132
What is the pith?
It consists of dead cells. First year of growth is around the pith.
133
What are rays?
Cells arranged horizontally in the wood to conduct food and moisture laterally across the tree trunk.
134
Wood used for framing should have whater MC?
15 percent to 19 percent
135
How does industrial construction use heavy timber: Standard mill construction
Heavy floor planking rests directly on girders, which in turn are supported by columns.
136
How does industrial construction use Heavy timber: Semi mill construction
Floor planking rests on beams, which in turn are supported by girders and columns
137
How does industrial construction use heavy timber: Laminated mill-construction
Planks are set on edge and laminated by nailing them together. This is done directly on girders. Not glu-lam
138
What is used instead of Trusses in post and beam construction?
Solid wood decking usually
139
Wood used in construction must be uniform in size and grade, who regulates the sizes and grades?
NLGA - National Lumber Grade Authority
140
Nominal sizes are done when?
After rough cutting
141
Actual sizes are done when?
After re-surfacing
