H1 + H2 Athena toets 1

Question 1

How does air travel with inspiration? (Via the nose)

Answer 1

From the nares through the nasel cavity —> nasopharynx —> oropharynx —> glottis —> tracheobronchial tree —> alveoli

Question 2

From what is the lower airway derived?

Answer 2

Larynhotracheal diverticulum

Question 3

Where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 3

Alveoli

Question 4

What is laryngotracheal diverticulum?

Answer 4

An endodermal-derived tissue that sprouts from the ventral walls of the foregut at approximately the fourth week of gestation

Question 5

What happens between the fourth and seventh week of gestation?

Answer 5

The diverticulum progressively branches:

• to form the left and right lung buds
• left and right main bronchi
• secondary lobar bronchi
• segmental bronchi

Question 6

What does the lung stroma eventually form?

Answer 6

Pulmonary interstitium

Question 7

From what is the lung stroma derived?

Answer 7

Splanchinc mesodermal tissue of the ventral foregut

Question 8

What happens between the seventh and the tenth week of gestation?

Answer 8

• cartilage rings form in the wall of trachea + larger bronchi
• progressively branching of the broncho pulmonary segmental airways
• the pulmonary arteries branch with the bronchi

Question 9

From what are the pulmonary arteries formed?

Answer 9

Mesodermal embryonic tissue

Question 10

What happens during the terminal sac period of lung development?

Answer 10

The epithelia at the tips of the segmented bronchi have differentiated from cuboidal to squamous

Question 11

With what process begins the maturation of lung development in the embryo?

Answer 11

The emergence of lung buds from the ventral foregut

Question 12

With what process ends the maturation of lung development in the embryo?

Answer 12

With the formation of gas-exchanges alveoli and an integrated capillary network

Question 13

What happens by the sixth to seventh week of gestation?

Answer 13

The right and left lung buds have become lobulated forming three lobed on the right and two on the left

Question 14

Of what are the canaliculi composed?

Answer 14

The part of the lung directly involved in respiration and gas exchange

Question 15

What does oligohydramnios do? (Foetuses)

Answer 15

It reduced the lung growth and impeded the formation of alveolar type I cells relative to type II cells

Question 16

What develops in the sixth week of gestation?

Answer 16

The main pulmonary artery, arising from the left sixth aortic arch

Question 17

What does the pulmonary artery follow?

Answer 17

The pulmonary artery follows the branching of the bronchial tree, down to the level of the terminal bronchioles

Question 18

What does the paired bronchiole and pulmonary artery establish?

Answer 18

A central location in the pulmonary lobule

Question 19

As what do pulmonary veins develop?

Answer 19

As outgrowths of the cardiac atria

Question 20

Where do small venues develop?

Answer 20

In the periphery of the pulmonary lobule coalesce

Question 21

What do small venues receive?

Answer 21

Tributaries from the pleura and the growing tips of the respiratory tree until they join to form in segmental veins

Question 22

With what do these intersegmental veins merge?

Answer 22

With the main pulmonary veins near the pulmonary hilum

Question 23

Where does the supraglottic airway begin

Answer 23

Nares and oral cavity

Question 24

Where does the supraglottic end?

Answer 24

Vocal cords

Question 25

Upon inspiration, where is air moisturised?

Answer 25

Nasal turbinates

Question 26

Upon inspiration, where does the air traverse?

Answer 26

Nasopharynx —> oropharynx —> hypopharynx —> vestibule of the larynx —> vocal cords

Question 27

How does air travel from the mouth?

Answer 27

Oral cavity directly into the oropharynx

Question 28

What is the nasal cavity?

Answer 28

The nasal cavity is the space between the roof of the mouth and the cranial base, divided vertically in the middle by the nasal septum

Question 29

How is the roof of the nasal cavity formed?

Answer 29

By the nasal spine of the frontal bones, nasal bones,, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and anterior body of the sphenoid bone

Question 30

How is the floor of the nasal cavity formed?

Answer 30

By the palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal processes of the palatine bones

Question 31

From what is the nasal septum made?

Answer 31

Cartilage and bone

Question 32

How is the bone part of the nasal septum formed?

Answer 32

By the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Question 33

How are the lateral walls of the nasal cavity formed?

Answer 33

By the maxilla, palatine and ethmoid bones

Question 34

What 3 projections do the lateral walls of the nasal cavity contain?

Answer 34

Inferior, middle and superior nasal turbinates

Question 35

In which 4 chambers do the nasal turbinates separate?

Answer 35

Inferior nasal meatus, middle nasal meatus, superior nasal meatus and the sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 36

What do the nasal turbinates serve?

Answer 36

To increase the surface area within the nasal mucosa to facilitate moistening of inspired air

Question 37

By what is the sensory innervation to the nasal cavity supplied?

Answer 37

By the maxillary nerve with a small contribution from the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve

Question 38

By what is autonomic innervation supplied?

Answer 38

By the postganglionic sympathic fibers that innervation the nasal blood vessels and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion that innervation the nasal glands to release secretions

Question 39

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

Answer 39

To transmit humidified air from the nasal cavity down to the oropharynx

Question 40

Where does the nasopharynx lay?

Answer 40

Above the sof palate and behind the posterior nares or conchae of the nasal cavities

Question 41

What happens through the actions of the vocal cords?

Answer 41

The larynx functions as a sphincter in transmitting air from the oropharynx to the trachea and in vocalisation

Question 42

From what is the trachea compromised?

Answer 42

The trachea of compromised from 16-20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings anteriorly with a soft membrane posteriorly

Question 43

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 43

Approximately at the eternal angle into the left and right mainstem bronchi

Question 44

Where do the mainstem bronchi enter their respective lung?

Answer 44

At the hila

Question 45

What is the secondary bronchi?

Answer 45

The mainstem bronchi that branched to for the lobar bronchi

Question 46

What does the lobar bronchi supply?

Answer 46

The bronchopulmonary segments of each lobe

Question 47

Where are the branches of the pulmonary veins and lymphatics located?

Answer 47

At he margins of the lobule, within the interlobular septa

Question 48

which two different circulations supply the blood for the upper respiratory tracht and the tracheobronchial tree (respiratory system)

Answer 48

The pulmonary artery circulation and the bronchial artery circulation

Question 49

With what is the pulmonary artery circulation involved?

Answer 49

Primarily with gas exchange, (high-flow, low pressure)

Question 50

With what is the bronchial artery circulation involved?

Answer 50

Nutrient delivery

Question 51

What does the bronchial circulation supply

Answer 51

Oxygenated blood and nourishment to the connective tissue of the bronchial tree, lower trachea, airway nerves, lymph nodes and visceral pleura

Question 52

What is blood supply to the trachea?

Answer 52

Segmental

Question 53

How is the upper trachea supplied? (With blood)

Answer 53

By multiple branched of he inferior thyroid artery

Question 54

How is the lower trachea supplied? (With blood)

Answer 54

By the bronchial arteries o the internal mammary artery

Question 55

From where do the 2 left bronchial arteries arise?

Answer 55

From the thoracic aorta (one superior to and another inferior to the left mainstem bronchus)

Question 56

How does the single right bronchial artery arise?

Answer 56

Often as a common trunk with the third of fifth posterior intercostal artery or even from the left bronchial artery

Question 57

From what are these arteries part of?

Answer 57

The high-pressure systemic circulation

Question 58

Where does massive hemoptysis most likely originates from?

Answer 58

From the bronchial circulation

Question 59

To what can give bronchial arteries a rise?

Answer 59

To the anterior arteries in about 5% of patients

Question 60

In what can embolization of bronchial arteries when controlling massive hemoptysis result?

Answer 60

In spinal paralysis

Question 61

What happens after the oxygenated blood is delivered to the airway tissue?

Answer 61

This blood is returned to the heart by various pathways

Question 62

How much blood (%) drain bronchial veins of the blood delivered by the bronchial arteries to the bronchial tree

Answer 62

Approximately 25%-33%

Question 63

Into what does the right bronchial vein drain?

Answer 63

The azygous vein

Question 64

Into what drains the left bronchial vein?

Answer 64

The accessory hemiazygous vein or into the left superior intercostal vein

Question 65

What happens to the remaining 67%-75% blood?

Answer 65

The bronchial arteries return to the heart via the pulmonary veins draining into the left atrium

Question 66

What are the interconnections between the bronchial vessels and precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary vessels called?

Answer 66

Bronchopulmonary

Question 67

Into what do the bronchopulmonary drain?

Answer 67

Into the pulmonary veins

Question 68

Where does blood leaving the capillary bed around the terminal bronchioles go to?

Answer 68

anastomoses with the alveolar capillaries and drain into pulmonary veins

Question 69

What does the pulmonary artery receive?

Answer 69

The entire cardiac output with each cardiac cycle

Question 70

Is the blood flow through the bronchial arterial circulation high or low?

Answer 70

Low

Question 71

wat is de volgorde van de longontwikkeling fases?

Answer 71

embryonale fase --> pseudoglandulaire fase --> canaliculaire fase --> sacculaire fase --> alveolaire fase