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ESA 1 > HaDPop > Flashcards

HaDPop Flashcards

To cover all Health and Disease in Populations content you are required to know for ESA 1 (may not be everything) I take no responsibility for any of the flashcards featured here...mistakes/shit happens.

1
Q

Define fecundity

A

The physical ability to reproduce

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2
Q

Define fertility

A

The realisation of the fecundity (physical ability to reproduce) as actual births

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3
Q

What is the crude birth rate defined as?

A

The number of live births per thousand people in a population

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4
Q

What is the general fertility rate defined as?

A

The number of live births per 1000 of the populations women who are ages 15-44

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5
Q

What do we mean when we say the total period fertility rate?

A

All of the age specific fertility rates together

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6
Q

What is the crude death rate defined as?

A

The amounts of deaths per 1000 people in a population

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7
Q

What is the age-specific death rate defined as?

A

The amount of deaths per 1000 people in an age group per year

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8
Q

What does SMR stand for?

A

Standardised mortality ratio

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9
Q

What is the point of using an SMR?

A

It adjusts for age and sex distribution which removes confounding

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10
Q

How does an SMR work? i.e. think of how it is calculated

A

It works by comparing a population being studied to a reference population, any values of 100 show no difference

Observed pop./Expected pop. (x100)

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11
Q

Define Census

A

The simultaneous recording of demographic data at a particular time pertaining to all individuals who live in a particular territory

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12
Q

How is an incidence rate worked out? (NOT HOW IS AN INCIDENCE RATE RATIO WORKED OUT)

A

Incidence rates are worked out by how many new events of something happen in a population over time. Therefore:

Incidence rate = New Events ÷ (Population x Time)

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13
Q

How is an incidence rate ratio worked out?

A

One incidence rate divided by another

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14
Q

Define incidence rate

A

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a period of time

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15
Q

How would you work out the two confidence limits?

A

Error factor x IR

IR ÷ Error Factor

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16
Q

Can you ever accept the null hypothesis?

A

NO!

You can only ever reject or not reject the null hypothesis.

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17
Q

Define Prevalence

A

The number of existing cases of a disease in a population

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18
Q

What is a confounding factor?

A

A confounding factor is any factor that links the exposure with the outcome but is not on the causative pathway

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19
Q

Allocation bias is a form of which type of bias?

A

Selection bias

20
Q

Recall bias ia form of which type of bias?

A

Information bias

21
Q

What type of plot can be used to identify publication bias? What does it do?

A

Funnel plot which shows whether there are unpublished results omitted

22
Q

What is the healthy worker effect? What type of bias is it?

A

The healthy worker effect is a form of selection bias that occurs when populations who are in work are being to compared to just the general population

23
Q

What is the main difference between internal and external cohort studies?

A

External cohort studies use a reference population whereas an internal cohort study is done with different sub groups

24
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Where you look at people who have been exposed and people that have been unexposed then you wait to see who has developed the disease

25
Q

Why is a cohort study useful?

A
  • It can be used for looking into a lot of different outcomes of an exposure
  • It is useful for rare exposures but not rare diseases
26
Q

Why is a cohort study not that useful?

A
  • Expensive

- Time consuming

27
Q

What is a retrospective cohort study?

A

A cohort study where disease free individuals are recruited and their exposure status is recorded from historical documentation and they are followed up

28
Q

What is a prospective cohort study?

A

A cohort study where disease free individuals are recruited, their exposure status determined after they have been recruited and they are then followed up

29
Q

What is a case control study?

A

A study looking into people who are ill and a group of healthy people working backwards to determine an exposure

30
Q

Why is a case control study useful?

A
  • Cheap
  • Quick
  • Useful for rare diseases but not rare exposures
31
Q

Why is a case control study not that useful?

A
  • Prone to recall bias

- Prone to selection bias

32
Q

How is an odds ratio worked out?

A

(Exposed cases ÷ Unexposed cases) ÷ (Exposed controls ÷ unexposed controls)

33
Q

How can you reduce the error factor of an odds ratio?

A

Increasing controls

34
Q

What are the three main steps to a randomised control trial?

A
  • Identify patients
  • Randomly allocate participants
  • Follow up participants identically
35
Q

Why is double blinding often used?

A
  • Removes the placebo effect

- Removes selection bias

36
Q

What is the intention to treat model?

A

The idea that even if people don’t keep using the treatment correctly/drop out they should still be included

37
Q

List the Bradford Hill Criteria and briefly describe what it means?

9 points (Eurgh…I want to die)

A
  • Strength of association is how much difference is observed i.e. a high IRR
  • Specificity of association is how specific the disease/exposure is i.e. cancer is a very broad group
  • Temporal sequence is asking whether the disease precedes the exposure i.e. a nested case control study
  • Dose response is how much you give compare to how much difference it makes
  • Reversibility can you reverse the effect you are having
  • Biological plausibility does it have a mechanism that makes sense
  • Coherence of theory confirms current thinking about things
  • Analogy similar disease have similar outcomes
  • Consistency means that the results can be replicated again by other people
38
Q

How would you minimise losses and increase compliance?

A
  • Minimise losses by honesty and make clear, accessible follow up
  • Compliance by making it easy to use and allowing patients to ask questions
39
Q

What 3 ways could you ensure a randomised control trial was ethical?

A
  • Clinical equipose (no idea which is better)
  • Scientifically robust (for the good of the science)
  • Use volunteers
40
Q

What 3 features should a study have to be included in a systematic review?

A
  • Transparent
  • Replicable
  • Explicit
41
Q

How is the data from a meta-analysis displayed? What is shown and how?

A

Shown via forest plots:

  • Odds ratios as squares where weighting given is size of square
  • Pooled estimates are diamonds with 95% confidence limits
42
Q

What does the fixed effects model assume?

A

It assumes that studies are homogenous and that any data variation comes from within the study

43
Q

What does the random effects model assume?

A

Assumes that the studies are heterogenous and that variation comes from between the studies as well

44
Q

What will a well balanced study show in a funnel plot?

A

A well balanced study will show a funnel shape

45
Q

What are the advantages of using a systematic review?

A
  • Reduce bias and exclude shit studies
  • Give an overall figure for multiple studies
  • Used in evidence based guidelines

ESA 1 (8 decks)

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