Hadpop

Question 1

What are the 4 values of public health?

Answer 1

Health as a right
Health equity
Empowerment
Inclusiveness

Question 2

What are the 3 domains of public health?

Answer 2

Health improvement
Health protection
Improving healthcare services

Question 3

What are some examples of achievements in public health?

Answer 3

Vaccinations
Eradication of small pox
Seatbelts
Workplace safety

Question 4

What are some challenges to public health?

Answer 4

Antibiotic resistance
Obesity
Ageing population
Money

Question 5

What are the 3 levels of prevention in health promotion and what do they consist of?

Answer 5

Primary prevention - aims to prevent a disease from occurring

Secondary prevention - aims to detect and track a disease at an early stage

Tertiary prevention - aims to minimise the effects of a disease and prevent complications

Question 6

What is critical appraisal?

Answer 6

A systematic way of assessing the validity, results and usefulness of published research reports

Question 7

What is PICO?

Answer 7

A process that helps to formulate a clinical question
P -patient/population
I - intervention
C - comparison
O - outcome

Question 8

What are the 5 As of evidence based medicine, in order?

Answer 8

Ask
Acquire
Appraise
Apply
Assess

Question 9

Rank the following types of study design in order from least to most qualitative - cohort studies, RCTs, cross sectional, case report, systematic review and case control

Answer 9

Case report - cross sectional - case control - cohort - RCTs - systematic review

Question 10

What are the 3 determinants of population in any country?

Answer 10

Births
Deaths
Migration

Question 11

Define incidence

Answer 11

The number of new cases of a particular disease at a particular point in time in a specific location

Question 12

Define prevalence

Answer 12

The total number of existing cases of a disease at a particular point in time in a specific location

Question 13

What are the 4 types of variables? Describe them

Answer 13

Continuous - a numeric value between a certain set of real numbers
Discrete - a numeric value that only consists of integers
Ordinal - a categorical variable that can be ranked
Nominal - a categorical variable that can’t be ranked

Question 14

What is cumulative incidence?

Answer 14

The at risk population that becomes diseased over a specified time period

Question 15

In what 5 ways can health promotion be implemented?

Answer 15

Medicine
Behavioural change
Education
Empowerment
Social change

Question 16

What is a confounding factor? Give 2 examples

Answer 16

A variable that is independently associated with the exposure and disease but is not on the casual pathway between exposure and outcome

Examples: age, gender, ethnicity, social economic background

Question 17

What are the 4 methods of random sampling?

Answer 17

Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling

Question 18

What are the 3 necessities required in order for an outbreak to occur?

Answer 18

Infective agent
Host
Environment

Question 19

What are the 4 associations between exposure and outcome?

Answer 19

Chance
Bias
Confounding
Real

Question 20

What is the null hypothesis and what is its value?

Answer 20

The assumption that there is no relationship between the variables been tested in an the experiment
Always equals 1

Question 21

What is the p value and what does it mean when it is >0.05?

Answer 21

The calculated probability of obtaining the results or something more extreme if the null hypothesis is true

> 0.05 means that you do not reject the null hypothesis

Question 22

What is the 95% confidence interval?

Answer 22

The range of values in which you are 95% certain that the true population value lies in

Question 23

Give some examples of websites that can be used to obtain good medical information, research papers, articles etc

Answer 23

Cochrane
Pubmed
Google scholar
NHS
NCHI

Question 24

What is the definition of a clinical trial?

Answer 24

Any research study that prospectively assigns human participants or groups of humans to one or more health related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes

Question 25

What is the definition of safety?

Answer 25

The ability of an intervention not to harm

Question 26

What 3 characteristics do clinical trials need to have?

Answer 26

Fair Controlled Reproducible

Question 27

What is blinding and what are the different types?

Answer 27

Blinding - preventing a person involved in the study from knowing which treatment a participant is receiving Single blinding Double blinding Triple blinding

Question 28

What are the advantages and disadvantages of RCT?

Answer 28

Advantages - unbiased distribution of confounders, blinding and randomisation Disadvantages - expensive, volunteer bias and ethically problematic at times

Question 29

What are some advantages of cohort studies over routinely available data?

Answer 29

Able to study exposures and personal characteristics that are not routinely available You can obtain more detailed information on outcomes and exposures You can collect additional data on potential confounding factors

Question 30

Why are cohort studies better than case-control studies?

Answer 30

They study a range of different outcomes They study rare exposures They establish that the exposure precedes the outcome

Question 31

What are some disadvantages of cohort studies?

Answer 31

``` Take a long time Usually large and resource intensive Risk of high number of loses Results take a long time to finalise Not good for rare diseases Difficulty with confounding factors Have potential for bias ```