Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cancer Care > Haem Key Conditions > Flashcards

Haem Key Conditions Flashcards

(97 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is neutrophillia? Cause?

A

Increased neutrophils
Infection, inflammation, bleeding, smoking, CML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is neutropenia?Causes?

A

Decreased neutrophils
Infection, drugs eg chemo, immune related eg Feltys syndrome, bone marrow failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is lymphocytosis? Causes?

A

Increase in white blood cells
Infection, leukaemia, low grade lymphoma, trauma, splenectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is lymphopenia? Causes?

A

Low white blood cells
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chemo, anorexia, aplastic anaemia, renal/liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is eosinophilia? Causes?

A

High eosinophils
Allergic conditions - asthma, hay fever, parasites eg hookworm, drugs, Hodgkin’s lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define leukaemia

A

Group of disorders characterised by accumulation of malignant white cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is pancytopenia?Causes?

A

Decreased red cells, white cells and platelets
Acute leukaemia, Aplastic anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is polycythemia Vera?

A

Increased red blood cells, makes blood more viscous.
Rare type of blood cancer affecting bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Polycythemia Vera symptoms

A

Fatigue, headaches, dizziness
Blurred vision, peripheral tingling
HTN
Mucosal cyanosis, petechiae
Splenomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Polycythemia Vera causes

A

JAK 2 gene mutation
Secondary can be caused by smoking, sleep apnoea, steroids + COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Polycythemia Vera treatment

A

Phlebotomy
Increase fluid intake
Aspirin
Myelosuppressive agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polycythemia Vera complications

A

Blood clots resulting in MI, Stroke, PE, retinal artery blockage and subsequent blindness
Myelofibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Polycythemia Vera investigation

A

JAK2 screen
Erythropoietin level
FBC, U+E, LFT, bone profile
Blood film
Bone marrow biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Polycythemia Vera risk factors

A

Age over 60
History of bud-chiari syndrome
FH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Type of blood cancer affecting lymphocytes. Has reed-sternberg cells on microscopy - B lymphocytes that have become cancerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma symptoms

A

Painless swelling of lymph nodes - commonly in neck, axilla and groin
Night sweats
Unexplained fever
Weightloss (10% 6 months)
Itching
SoB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma investigation

A

FBC, U+E,LFT, Bone profile
Blood film
Lymph node biopsy
CT chest abdo pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma risk factors

A

Age 20-40 or over 75
Male
Immunosuppressants or HIV
Smoking
Previous EBV exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma staging

A

Stage 1 = 1 group of lymph nodes on 1 side of diaphragm
Stage 2 = multiple groups of lymph nodes on one side of diaphragm
Stage 3= multiple groups of lymph nodes on either side of diaphragm
Stage 4 = spread beyond lymph system, cancer present in organs or bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma treatment

A

Discussed at MDT
Chemo
Corticosteroids
Radiotherapy (stage 1 or 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma complications

A

Weakened immune system
Infertility
Second cancers - breast, lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is essential thrombocytosis

A

Increased platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why can ET predispose to gout

A

High cell turnover causes increased Uris acid levels, which predisposes to gout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Causes of ET

A

JAK2 mutation, CALR mutation
Secondary causes - iron deficiency, infection, splenectomy, trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
ET complications
Thrombosis Malignant transformation to AML
26
ET treatment
Interferon Hydroxyurea Aspirin
27
What is CML
Chronic myeloid leukaemia Myeloproliferative disorder with increased neutrophil proliferation Affects mature cells
28
What is the Philadelphia chromosome
Translocation of chromosome 9 and 22 Found in 90% CML cases
29
Cells on CML blood smear
Blast cells
30
Symptoms of CML
Usually asymptomatic at diagnosis Splenomegaly- early satiety + LUQ pain Fatigue, fever, weightloss, itchiness, priapism Tenderness over sternum
31
CML blood results
Inc WBC (neutrophils) Inc basophils Dec RBC Dec platelets % blast cells on bone marrow biopsy determines phase
32
CML treatment
Imantinib - tyrosine kinase inhibitor
33
What is multiple myeloma
Proliferative disorder of plasma cells - uncontrolled replication of plasma cells and secretion of immunoglobulin proteins IgG and IgA
34
Multiple myeloma signs and symptoms
CRAB Hypercalcaemia Renal insufficiency Anaemia (normocytic) Bone leisons
35
What symptoms does hypercalcaemia cause?
Renal stones Constipation Neurological symptoms- depression Bone fractures
36
Why do you get renal insufficiency in multiple myeloma
Monoclonal protein nephrotoxicity
37
Bone lesions in multiple myeloma causes and symptoms
Increased osteoclast activity Back pain, spinal cord compressions
38
RF multiple myeloma
Chromosome abnormalities (translocation chromosome 14) Older age Obese Alcohol Chemical exposure
39
Multiple myeloma Ivx
Bloods - FBC (pancytopenia), bone profile, U+E, Skeletal survey Urine/serum electrophoresis Bone marrow aspirate
40
What is needed to diagnose multiple myeloma
>10% clonal bone marrow plasma cells or plasmamocytomas Plus a myeloma defining event (CRAB)
41
Multiple myeloma treatment
Hypercalcaemia- iv fluids, bisphosphonates Spinal involvement- surgery, radiotherapy Dexamethasone, thalidomide + protease inhibitor Chemo Monoclonal antibodies Stem cell transplant
42
What is CLL
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia Proliferation of mature lymphocytes (involves monoclonal B cells) Slow growing, incurable but can be managed with treatment
43
CLL symptoms
Usually asymptomatic Weightloss Swollen glands Recurrent infections Petechiae Fever Night sweats
44
RF CLL
Older age Male FH
45
CLL treatment
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor B cell lymphocyte inhibitor Immunotherapy Watch and wait
46
Polycythemia complications
Risk of transformation to AML or Myelofibrosis
47
What is tumour lysis syndrome
Metabolic disturbances rising from the rapid breakdown of malignant cells, following treatment initiation
48
Tumour lysis syndrome bloods
Hyperkalaemia Hyperphosphatemia Hyperuriceamia Hypocalcemia
49
Tumour lysis syndrome complications
Arrythmia Seizure Sudden death AKI
50
Malignancy high risk for tumour lysis syndrome
ALL, AML, Burkitt lymphoma, other NHL
51
Tumour lysis syndrome symptoms
Lethargy N+V Diarrhoea Anorexia Muscle aches Syncope Pruritis
52
Tumour lysis syndrome signs
Fluid overload Haematuria Tetany, parathesia Bronchospasm
53
Tumour lysis syndrome clinical dx
Serum creatinine >1.5x upper limit Arrythmia/ sudden death Seizure
54
Tumour lysis syndrome prophylaxis
Hypouricaemic agents - rasburicase or allopurinol
55
Tumour lysis syndrome mx
Fluids Calcium gluconate + insulin/dextrose infusion (hyperkalaemia) Phosphate binders (hyperphosphataemia) Rasburicase (hyperuricaemia)
56
Indication for transfusion
Acute severe bleed Hb <70 Hb <80 + symptomatic Chronic anaemia - patients have individual thresholds
57
What does group and save do
Check ABO group, rhesus D and look for red cell antibodies
58
What does cross match do
Mix pt plasma with donor blood- looks for agglutination
59
Who needs CMV negative blood
Pregnant women Neonates
60
Who needs irradiated blood
Hx of Hodgkin’s Neonates Certain chemos Stem cell transplant
61
ABO Haemolysis symptoms
Impending doom Nausea + vomiting Loin pain Fever + chills Tachycardia Tachypnoenia AKI DIC
62
What is used as fibrinogen replacement
Cryoprecipitate
63
What do you give if rhesus - mother is sensitised
Anti D
64
How to you check if enough anti D has been given
Kleinhauer test
65
What is TACO
transfusion associated circulatory overload Typically causes HTN and pulmonary oedema Most common cause of transfusion related death
66
Causes of TACO
Excessive rate of transfusion Pre-existing heart or renal failure
67
TACO management
Stop transfusion IV furosemide O2
68
What is TRALI
Transfusion related acute lung injury Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema secondary to increased vascular permeability
69
TRALI features
Hypoxia, pulmonary infiltrates on X-ray Fever, hypotension
70
TRALI management
Stop transfusion O2 Supportive care
71
Why does an acute haemolytic reaction occur in transfusion
ABO incompatible blood, usually secondary to human error
72
Acute haemolytic reaction features
Fever Abdo + chest pain Hypotension Agitation Symptoms begin within minutes of transfusion starting
73
Acute haemolytic reaction management
Stop transfusion Fluid resus Inform lab- send blood for repeat crossmatch and Coombs test
74
Acute haemolytic reaction complications
Death DIC renal failure
75
What causes non haemolytic febrile reaction
White blood cell HLA antibodies Usually result of sensitisation in pregnancy or previous transfusion
76
Non haemolytic febrile reaction management
Slow/ pause transfusion Paracetamol Monitor
77
Minor allergic reaction in transfusion management
Pause transfusion Antihistamine Monitor
78
Minor allergic reaction in transfusion symptoms
Pruritus Urticaria
79
Anaphylaxis symptoms (transfusion)
Hypotension Dyspnoea Wheeze Angiooedema
80
What is NHL
Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma Cancer of the lymphatic system
81
NHL symptoms
Painless swelling or lump in axilla, groin, neck B symptoms- night sweats, weightloss, unexplained fever, unexplained itching Hepatosplenomegaly
82
NHL IVX
Lymph node biopsy CXR CT CAP FBC - anaemia , lymphocytosis LDH
83
Low grade v high grade NHL
Low grade - slow growing follicular is most common High grade - fast growing, aggressive diffuse large B cell most common
84
NHL treatment
Low grade - watch + wait, rituximab, chemo High grade - rituximab, intensive chemo (R-CHOP)
85
NHL RF
Age 75+ Immunosupression H pylori, EBV, HIV Coeliac disease FH Previous cancer + treatment
86
What is AML
Malignant neoplasticdisease affecting WBC
87
AML aetiology
Uncontrolled growth along myeloid cell line, causing proliferation of immature non-functional WBC
88
AML RF
Pre-existing haematological disorder- PRV,myelodysplastic syndrome Down’s syndrome Prevchemo
89
AML Symptoms
Anaemia - fatigue, weakness, pallor, SoB, palpitations Thrombocytopenia- easy bruising, epistaxis Neutropenia - recurrent infections Hepatosplenomegaly
90
AML IVX
FBC - anaemia, thrombocytopenia Peripheral blood smear - Auer rods LDH Coagulation profile Bone marrow biopsy Flow cytometry
91
AML management
Chemo Bone marrow transplant Transfusion Anti microbial prophylaxis
92
AML Complications
Leukostasis - resp or neuro distress Tumour lysis syndrome DIC
93
ALL symptoms
Fatigue + weakness Easy bruising + bleeding Pale Recurrent infections Fever Swollen glands
94
ALL RF
Children + young adults Down’s syndrome Previous chemo or radiotherapy Immunosupression- HIV
95
ALL IVX
Bloods Bone marrow biopsy
96
What is MGUS
Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance Non-cancerous condition where body makes an abnormal paraprotein Inc risk myeloma
97
MGUS management
Active monitoring - regular blood tests

Cancer Care (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions