Haematological Malignancies and BM Failure Flashcards

Question

How is CML managed?

Answer 1

*Tyrosine kinase inhibitors* Chemotherapy Biological therapy Stem cell transplant

Answer 2

Excess proliferation of the precursors to platelets so bone marrow makes too many platelets

Answer 3

>50 years old Female Abnormal JAK2 gene

Answer 4

``` Headache Thrombosis Lightheaded Peripheral neuropathy Splenomegaly Fatigue Weakness Haemorrhage ```

Answer 5

FBC JAK2 mutation testing Bone marrow biopsy (rule out other causes)

Answer 6

Low dose aspirin Cytoreductive therapies Interferon alpha

Answer 7

Can transform to myelofibrosis or leukaemia

Answer 8

>60 years Male JAK2 mutation

Answer 9

Body makes too many red cells so blood becomes thicker and slower.

Answer 10

``` Thrombosis Headache Blurred vision Weakness Sweating Fatigue Dizziness Splenomegaly Gout Pruritus Peptic ulcers ```

Answer 11

FBC JAK2 mutation testing Bone marrow biopsy

Answer 12

Aspirin Phlebotomy Cytoreductive therapies

Answer 13

Can transform to myelofibrosis or leukaemia

Answer 14

Clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cells. Abnormal cells produce cytokines which cause bone marrow fibrosis. Can occur spontaneously or after a previous bone marrow disorder

Answer 15

>50 years old JAK2 mutation Previous myeloproliferative disorder

Answer 16

``` Splenomegaly Fatigue Fever Increased infections Hepatomegaly Weakness ```

Answer 17

FBC, US, MRI, Genetic testing, Bone Marrow biopsy

Answer 18

``` Supportive Care Cytoreduction JAK2 inhibitors Splenomegaly Bone marrow transplant ```

Answer 19

Hodgkin | Non-Hodgkin

Answer 20

``` Male Immunodeficient Obesity Smoking Epstein Barr virus FHx Aged around 25 and around 80 ```

Answer 21

Malignant proliferation of lymphocytes causing lymphadenopathy and organ infiltration.

Answer 22

Reed-Sternberg cells | Popcorn cells

Answer 23

``` Lymphadenopathy --> enlarged, painless, non-tender lymph node, ache after drinking alcohol Night sweats Fevers Weight loss Itching, worse after drinking alcohol Cough SOB Increased risk of infections Increased risk of bleeding Hepatosplenomegaly ```

Answer 24

Lymph node excision biopsy

Answer 25

``` Lymph node excision biopsy CT CAP Chest x-ray Bloods --> FBC, U+Es, LFTs, CRP, LDH, urate, Ca2+ Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy ```

Answer 26

Stage 1 --> lymphoma in single group of LNs Stage 2 --> lymphoma in >2 sites of LNs but same side of the diaphragm Stage 3 --> lymphoma in LNs on both sides of the diaphragm Stage 4 --> lymphoma spread to an extranodal site eg. liver, bones, lungs

Answer 27

Night sweats Fever Unexplained weight loss

Answer 28

LN >10 cm or large tumour in mediastinum

Answer 29

Chemotherapy Radiotherapy to affected lymph nodes +/- Steroids Preservation of fertility --> egg/sperm collection

Answer 30

``` Immunodeficiency Epstein Barr virus Hepatitis C H. pylori Coeliac disease FHx HIV HTLV1 ```

Answer 31

Malignant proliferation of lymphocytes. Can be classified into whether B cells or T cells are affected. Low grade --> better prognosis High grade --> aggressive

Answer 32

``` Painless swellings in neck, armpit or groin Night sweats Fevers Weight loss Itching SOB Increased risk of infections Hepatosplenomegaly Enlarged tonsils Increased bleeding ```

Answer 33

Lymph node biopsy Chest x-ray Bloods --> FBC, U+Es, LFTs, LDH, viral screen CT CAP

Answer 34

Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Immunotherapy- Rituximab Watch and wait

Answer 35

Paraprotein (abnormal protein) found in urine or blood by incidental finding. Do not need treatment but need follow up due to risk of transition into myeloma

Answer 36

``` > 40 years old FHx Immunodeficiency Pernicious anaemia SLE Ank. spond Obesity MGUS ```

Answer 37

Atypical proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow which produces paraproteins (mAb). Production of excess immunoglobulins, usually IgG

Answer 38

Only the light chain of the immunoglobulins is produced and not the whole thing. Can be detected in the urine

Answer 39

``` CRAB Calcium increase Renal failure --> IgG damages kidneys Anaemia Bony lesions ``` Increased bleeding and bruising Bone pain and fractures Increased risk of infections

Answer 40

``` Bloods --> FBC, U+Es, LFTs, ESR, serum protein electrophoresis, serum free light chain assay, Ca2+, albumin, beta-2 microglobulin Urine sample Bone marrow biopsy Chest x-ray CT CAP MRI ```

Answer 41

Chemotherapy Biological therapy- Thalidomide Steroids- dexamethasone, prednisolone Stem cell transplant

Answer 42

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 43

Neutropenia

Answer 44

Tachycardia Tachypnoea Reduced exercise tolerance SOB

Answer 45

Increased bruising and bleeding

Answer 46

Increased infections

Answer 47

Aplastic anaemia

Answer 48

``` FHx HIV Immunodeficiency Illegal drug use Exposure to radiation ```

Answer 49

SOB Increased bleeding Increased infections Reduced exercise tolerance

Answer 50

Immunotherapy Platelet and red cell transplant Aggressive infection treatment Reduce infection risk

Answer 51

``` FBC Reticulocyte count B12 and folate levels Infection screen LFT U+Es TFT Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy ```

Answer 52

``` Congenital Infections --> HIV, Hep C, EBV, parvovirus Drug induced --> NSAIDs, phenytoin, carbamazepine Immune related Radiation exposure Vitamin deficiency --> B12/folate Infiltration --> myeloma, myelofibrosis Idiopathic ```

Haematological Malignancies and BM Failure Flashcards

(77 cards)