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NZ Vet Nursing: Diagnostics > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Which red blood cells are not biconcave discs?

A

Spherocytes

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2
Q

The smallest % of normal cells in a differential count is

A

Basophils

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3
Q

The five types of leukocytes found in normal peripheral blood are…

A

Lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils

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4
Q

What is meant by PCV?

A

Packed cell volume, the percentage of red cells (compared to serum) present in a blood sample.

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5
Q

The term thrombocytopenia indicates a/an…

A

Abnormally low number of thrombocytes

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6
Q

Blood samples collected Saturday at 10 am can be stored in the refrigerator and sent to Gribbles Monday morning without any major effect on results.

A

False

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7
Q

In allergic conditions, we commonly find an increased level of

A

Eosinophils

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8
Q

The chief function of the platelet is to?

A

Aid in coagulation

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9
Q

A veterinary nurse is performing venipuncture to collect a whole blood sample for a CBC. Which colour tube does she need to preserve her sample?

A

Purple top

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10
Q

Polychromatopohilic erythrocytes are also called…

A

Reticulocytes

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11
Q

The cell that functions in the defensive mechanism of the body during infection is

A

Neutrophil

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12
Q

The anticoagulant that is best for blood samples that are to be used for haematological studies is?

A

EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

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13
Q

The cell that functions as a plug at the site of bleeding is the…

A

Platelet

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14
Q

An increase of total leukocytes over the normal is called…

A

Leukocytosis

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15
Q

What is the term for the diagnostic exam that provides information on RBC count, WBC count, platelet count, and PCV?

A

Complete Blood Count

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16
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

They transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues/cells around the body.

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17
Q

What allows red blood cells to carry oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin, allows RBCs to transport oxygen and to hold the cell shape.

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18
Q

What is a erythrocyte?

A

A red blood cell.

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19
Q

how much haemoglobin does each red blood cell have?

A

Four iron-containing haemoglobin units.

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20
Q

What is bi-concave?

A

Concave on both sides, like a red blood cell.

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21
Q

How long do RBCs live for?

A

2-5 months.

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22
Q

What is the production of new red blood cells called?

A

Erythropoiesis.

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23
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells.

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24
Q

What are platelets also known as?

A

Thrombocytes

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25
What is the role of platelets?
Stopping bleeding/haemorrhage by acting as a plug.
26
How long is a platelet in the circulating blood for?
4-6 days
27
What is the function of plasma?
It carries and transports the blood cells and other substances. It also has clotting factors.
28
What are the two types of neutrophils?
Segmented and bands
29
Low RBC count =
Anaemia
30
High RBC count =
Polycythaemia
31
Low WBC count =
Leukopoenia
32
High WBC count =
Leukycytosis
33
Low Platelet count =
Thrombocytopoenia
34
High Platelet count =
Thrombocytosis
35
What is a low PCV?
Anaemia
36
What is a high PCV?
Polycythemia
37
What are the layers in a PCV?
Top layer is the serum/plasma. It contains waters, proteins, nutrients, hormones. Second layer is the buffy coat. It contains WBCs and platelets. Last layer is the hematocrit, the red blood cells.
38
What is a segmented neutrophil?
* Most abundant WBC * First responders to microbial infection * Segmented nucleus * Pale lilac granules in cytoplasm * Target bacteria/fungi * Their death in large numbers = pus
39
What is a band neutrophil?
* Immature neutrophil * Indicates high demand for WBC * Horse shoe shaped nucleus
40
What is an eosinophil?
``` • Rare in the blood • Target (hookworm/tapeworm) and allergic inflammation, spleen and CNS disease • Nucleus lobes connected by thin strand • Granule cytoplasm pinky colour ```
41
What is a basophil?
• Most rare WBC • Coarse dark blue granules in the cytoplasm • Release histamine and heparin causing vessel dilation
42
What is a lymphocyte?
• More common in lymphatic system than blood • B cells = release antibodies – activate T cells • T cells = returns normal function to immune system • Large dark nucleus with small cytoplasm
43
What is a monocyte?
• Largest WBC • Vacuum cleaners – become tissue macrophages – removing dead cell debris • Kidney shaped nucleus with less granulation
44
What does a CBC include?
Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, platelets, haemoglobin concentration, Hemstocrit, Mean Cell Volume (MCV), Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
45
Where are most of the plasma proteins produced?
The liver, it makes albumin, globulins, fibrinogen.
46
What does the bone marrow produce?
Platelets, RBCs, WBCs
47
What can abnormal platelet morphology indicate?
bleeding disorders and leukaemia (cancer of blood-forming tissues)
48
Echinocytes are...
- Crenated RBCs - Can occur during fixing stage, too long in fixer, not a fresh sample, collection errors, - NOT spikey - Do have a central pallor - Artifact – mostly insignificant finding
49
Acanthocytes are...
- RBCs - Irregular shaped and unevenly surface spikes - From changes in cholesterol = can indicate liver disease, DIC
50
Schistocytes are...
- Erythrocyte fragments – half moon fragmented cells - Shearing of the RBC from intravascular trauma - DIC, iron deficiency, cancer of the spleen - Mostly in dogs rather than cats
51
Codocytes are...
- Bulls eye appearance - Increased RBC membrane cholesterol to phospholipid ratio - Common but mostly insignificant- but can be related to liver disease - A large number found should indicate a liver enzyme test
52
Poikilocytosis is...
- General term for “abnormally shaped erythrocytes” - Multiple abnormalities simultaneously - Acanthocytes, schistocytes, echinocytes
53
Agglutination is...
RBC clumping
54
Rouleaux is...
- Looks like stacks of coins - Normal in dogs but…… - Increase numbers can indicate inflammatory diseases - Stacked RBCs
55
Heinz bodies are...
- Nose – like projections from cells surface | - ‘pimples’ on red blood surface
56
What is microcytosis?
Smaller then normal RBCs
57
What is anisocytosis
RBCs that are varying sizes, mostly larger and darker
58
Hypochromasia =
Pale across all RBCs
59
Polychromasia =
RBCs varying colour, more darker and larger
60
What does non-regenerative anaemia show?
-Low PCV -Cells appear old and pale, shrinking/smaller -Schistocytes may be present -Why? No new cells being released from bone marrow
61
What does regenerative anaemia show?
-Low PCV -Evidence of regeneration = polychromasia and anisocytosis varying sizes, large and dark -Why? Young RBCs are large and nucleated “young blood cells are BIG AND BLUE”

NZ Vet Nursing: Diagnostics (9 decks)

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