Haematology

Question 1

3 main reasons of anaemia

Answer 1

1. Haemorrhage
2. Haemolysis
3. Decreased production

Question 2

evidence of regeneration in anaemia

Answer 2

• presence of retics
• MCHC = decreased/hypochromic
• MCV = increased/macrocytic
• morphology: polychromasia, macrocytosis

Question 3

how may days for regenerative response to develop in anaemia

Answer 3

3-5 days

Question 4

indications for blood transfusions in acute anaemia cases

Answer 4

PCV ~25% + patient unstable

OR PCV <20%

Question 5

indications for blood transfusions in chronic anaemia cases

Answer 5

CS (mentation, weakness, tachycardia/pnoea) OR PCV <12% (consider if 15-20%)

Question 6

How do cats and dogs differ when it comes to blood types?

Answer 6

Cats have preformed antibodies so will react on first transfusion
Dogs do not so very unlikely to react from first transfusion.

Question 7

What blood types do cats have?

Answer 7

A, B or AB

Question 8

What blood types to dogs have?

Answer 8

DEA 1 is most common

but many types ~12 w/ subtypes

Question 9

What is considered the universal blood type in dogs?

Answer 9

DEA 1 negative

Question 10

what is a major crossmatch?

Answer 10

donor RBC w/ patient serum

Question 11

what is a minor crossmatch?

Answer 11

patient RBC w/ donor serum

Question 12

Dog blood donor requirement

Answer 12

Healthy, >25kg, min/no sedation.
Jug vein –> 450ml in CPDA
No replacement fluids

Question 13

Cat blood donor requirement

Answer 13

Healthy >5kg w/ sedation (diazepam + ket)
Jug - 54ml into 60ml syringe + 6ml anticoag solution
Give 100ml LRS after.

Question 14

Rate of blood transfusion

Answer 14

start slow 1ml/kg/hr for 15min –> increase rate to give whole volume over 4hrs if no reactions

Question 15

Blood transfusion dose volume

Answer 15

Weight x BV x (desired PCC - Current PCV)/donor PCV

Question 16

rule of thumb: 1ml/kg pRBC will raise PCV by

Answer 16

1%

Question 17

Rule of thumb: 2ml/kg fresh whole blood will raise PCV by

Answer 17

1%

Question 18

6 arms of management of haemorrhage dt physical disruption of vessels

Answer 18

1. Sx haemostasis
2. Prssure
3. Local vasoconstrictors
4. Prevent self-trauma
5. Mild sedation
6. Systemic + topical antifibrinolytics

Question 19

4 stages of primary haemostasis

Answer 19

1. Subendothelial collagen exposure
2. Platelet adhesion
3. Platelet activation
4. Aggregation

Question 20

what clotting factors are activated in the intrinsic cascade?

Answer 20

12 –> 11 –> 9 –> 8 –> 10

Question 21

what clotting factors are activated in the extrinsic cascade?

Answer 21

3 –> 7 –> 10

Question 22

list 3 endogenous anticoagulants

Answer 22

• tissue factor pathway inhibitor
• antithrombin
• protein C

Question 23

what are the 3 types of von Willebrand disease?

Answer 23

1. Low conc. of all multimers - Doberman, Himalayan cat
2. Lack of large multimers - German shorthair pointer
3. Complete lack of all multimers. - DSH cats

Question 24

diagnosis of vWF disease?

Answer 24

• ensure platelet count is normal first
• platelet function tests - PFA, BMBT
• vWF assays

Question 25

what products can be used to treat vWF disease?

Answer 25

- Fresh whole blood - Fresh frozen plasma - Cryoprecipitate Desmopressin for type 1 only

Question 26

Tx of rodenticide toxicity ingest w/in last 24hs

Answer 26

Vit K1 or PT in 36-48hrs

Question 27

Tx of rodenticide toxicity ingest w/in last 1-2hrs

Answer 27

emesis + activated charcoal | - Vit K1 or PT in 36-48hrs

Question 28

Tx of rodenticide toxicity actively bleeding

Answer 28

- BV expansion - O2 sup - FFP/FWB/FP/Cryopoor and VitK - monitoring for min. of 12hrs

Question 29

MOA of rodenticides

Answer 29

inhibits Vit.K epoxide reductase used to recycle Vit.K --> no CS until coag. factors depleted (2-3days)

Question 30

which clotting factor has the shortest half life?

Answer 30

Factor VII

Question 31

Haemophilia A is a deficiency in?

Answer 31

FVIII (8)

Question 32

Haemophilia B is a deficiency in?

Answer 32

FIX (9)

Question 33

Factor VII deficiency is common in what breed of dog?

Answer 33

Beagles

Question 34

Hageman deficiency is a deficiency in what?

Answer 34

FactorXII (12)

Question 35

Rank the factor deficiencies from the highest to lowest risk of bleeding

Answer 35

1. Haemophilia A (8) 2. Haemophilia B (9) 3. Factor VII deficit 4. Hageman Deficiency - no risk of bleeding

Question 36

Cryoprecipitate contains

Answer 36

VIII, vWF, Fibrinogen

Question 37

Cryopoor contains

Answer 37

all other clotting factors (not VIII, vWF, Fibrinogen)

Question 38

Frozen plasma can be kept for how long and contains what?

Answer 38

1-5years, vit.k Factors

Question 39

Dose for FFP infusion?

Answer 39

10-20ml/kg

Question 40

FFP can be kept for how long?

Answer 40

1 year