Haematology

Question 1

Give 2 causes of microcytic anaemia?

Answer 1

Iron-deficiency anaemia, thalaessemia, chronic disease eg renal failure

Question 2

Give 2 causes of normocytic anaemia?

Answer 2

Acute blood loss, anaemia of chronic disease, Haematinic (iron and B12 deficiency)

Question 3

Give 2 causes of macrocytic anaemia?

Answer 3

B12/folate deficiency, alcohol excess, hypothyroid

Question 4

Give 3 symptoms of anaemia?

Answer 4

Fatigue, headache, dyspnoea, angina, intermittent claudication, spoon shaped nail (kolionychia)

Question 5

Give 3 causes of iron-deficiency anaemia?

Answer 5

Hookworm, GI bleed, menorrhagia, poor diet,

malabsorption

Question 6

How do you diagnose iron-deficiency anaemia?

Answer 6

Serum ferritin

Question 7

What does polycythaemia mean?

Answer 7

Too many red blood cells

Question 8

What is the clinical presentation for a patient with leukaemia?

Answer 8

Anaemia - SOB and Fatigue
Thrombocytopenia - Rash, bleeding and bruising
Infection - fevers and rigors

Question 9

Which type of leukaemia is associated with the philadelphia chromosome?

Answer 9

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

Question 10

What is the difference between Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?

Answer 10

Hodgkin lymphoma has Reed-Sternberg Cells

Question 11

What is the presentation for a patient with Hodgkins Lymphoma?

Answer 11

Painless lymphadenopathy (75%) pain on drinking alcohol

Question 12

What staging classification is used for Hodgkins Lymphoma?

Answer 12

Ann-Arbor

Question 13

What is the clinical presentation for a patient with myeloma?

Answer 13

Old (>70), Calcium high, Renal failure (nephrotic syndrome), Anaemia (bleeding), Bone lytic lesions (fractures)

Question 14

What would you see on urinalysis of patient with myeloma?

Answer 14

Bence- Jone protein

Question 15

What are the symptoms for a patient with hypercalcaemia?

Answer 15

Loss of appetite.
Nausea and vomiting.
Constipation and abdominal pain.
Increased thirst and frequent urination.
Fatigue, weakness, and muscle pain.
Confusion, disorientation, and difficulty thinking.
Headaches.

Question 16

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with malaria?

Answer 16

Fever, chills, sweats, jaundice, anaemia, fatigue, myalgia, headache

Question 17

What is the most common plasmodia that cause malaria infection?

Answer 17

P. falciparum

Question 18

Give 3 causes of thrombocytopenia?

Answer 18

Liver cirrhosis, alcohol, immune thrombocytopenia, haemolytic uraemic syndrome,

Question 19

What are 3 symptoms of thrombocytopenia?

Answer 19

Easy or excessive bruising (purpura)
Superficial bleeding into the skin that appears as a rash of pinpoint-sized reddish-purple spots (petechiae), usually on the lower legs.
Prolonged bleeding from cuts.
Bleeding from your gums or nose.
Blood in urine or stools.