Haematology Lecture 1

Question 1

What is haematology

Answer 1

The study of the normal and pathological aspects of blood and blood elements.

Question 2

List disorders that affect blood

Answer 2

➢ Bleeding disorders
➢Haematological malignancies ➢Haemoglobinopathies
➢ Blood transfusion
➢Bone marrow and stem cell transplantation

Question 3

Where are all blood cells produced

Answer 3

Bone marrow

Question 4

What type of tissue is blood

Answer 4

Connective

Question 5

Physical characteristics of blood

Answer 5

➢Sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste
➢Colour varies with O2 content High O2 - scarlet; low O2 - dark red
➢pH 7.35–7.45

Question 6

What type of blood is dark red and why

Answer 6

Venous as it has less oxygen

Question 7

What type of blood is bright red

Answer 7

Arterial

Question 8

Role of blood

Answer 8

-transport
-regulation
-protection

Question 9

Role of blood:transport

Answer 9

-Delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
-Transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
-Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

Question 10

Function of the blood:regulation

Answer 10

-Maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat eg vasoconstriction or dilution
-Maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
-Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system

Question 11

Functions of the blood:protection

Answer 11

-Prevents excess blood loss following injury
Due to Platelets and Plasma proteins
-prevents infection due to white blood cells(leukocytes), antibodies,complement proteins

Question 12

Blood composition

Answer 12

-erythrocytes
<45% of whole blood(haematocrit)
<most dense component due to globular proteins

-buffy coat
<1%of whole blood contains the leukocytes and platelets

-plasma
<55% of whole blood
<least dense component

Question 13

What is plasma composed of

Answer 13

-Water
-Ions
-Organic molecules such as amino acids,proteins,glucose,lipids or nitrogenous waste
-trace elements and vitamins
-gases such as co2 and o2

Question 14

What are albumins

Answer 14

-Protein made in the liver
-It also helps move hormones, medicines, vitamins, and other important substances throughout the body.

Question 15

What are globulins

Answer 15

which help fight infection and move nutrients throughout the body. Some globulins are made by the liver.

Question 16

What are fibrinogen

Answer 16

Function is coagulation

Question 17

What are cellular element composed of

Answer 17

-Red blood cells
-white blood cells which include lymphocytes,monocytes,neutrophils,eosinophils,
basophils
-platelets

Question 18

What is haematocrit

Answer 18

Represents the % of erythrocytes in whole blood
42% in female and 47 in men

Question 19

What are leukocytes

Answer 19

-sense infections
-make up to <1% of total blood volume
-the function is defuse against disease
-can leave capillaries via diapedesis
-move through tissue spacers by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis

Question 20

Types of phagocytes

Answer 20

Neutrophil
Monocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil

Question 21

What is in the granules of basophils

Answer 21

Histamine

Question 22

Role of b cells

Answer 22

Secretion of antibodies

Question 23

Role of natural killer cells

Answer 23

Lysis of virally infected cells and tumour cells

Question 24

Role of t helper cells

Answer 24

Release cytokines and growth factors that regulate other immune cells

Question 25

Role of cytotoxic T cells

Answer 25

Lysis of virally infected cells tumour cells as well as allografts

Question 26

Role of b cells

Answer 26

Secretion of antibodies

Question 27

Abundance of leukocytes in the blood

Answer 27

Never let monkeys eat bananas Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils

Question 28

Erythrocytes

Answer 28

-most abundant cell in body -red blood cells dedicated to respiratory gas transport (specialised to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide|) -major factor contributing to blood viscosity -life span 120 days -filled with haemoglobin for gas transport

Question 29

Structural characteristics of erythrocytes

Answer 29

-biconcave disc -anucleate -no mitochondria or ribosomes -no organelles

Question 30

How do erythrocytes produce energy

Answer 30

-no mitochondria so can’t produce atp -do it through the em den Meyerhof glycolytic pathway(anaerobic respiration)

Question 31

Glycolysis

Answer 31

Make notes

Question 32

Red cell membrane

Answer 32

-lipid bilayer -alpha and beta spectrum which provided flexibility to change shape(its below plasma membrane)

Question 33

Haemoglobin structure

Answer 33

-binds reversibly with oxygen -glob is a large protein composed of 4 polypeptide chains(tetramer) -2 alpha and 2 beta chains -each red blood cells contain 200-300 million he molecules -normal values:m 130-180g/l , f 120-160g/l -each contains a haem-iron complex

Question 34

Featal haemoglobin

Answer 34

Has 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains as it has a higher affinity for oxygen

Question 35

What is haemoglobin made of

Answer 35

Organic part of protoporphyrin ring made up of four pyrrole rings and central iron ion In the ferrous state

Question 36

How many molecules of oxygen can heamoglobin transport

Answer 36

4 o2 molecules

Question 37

O2 loading in lungs

Answer 37

-produces oxyhemoglobin (ruby red) -in the lungs 02 abundant -by picks up 4 molecules of o2 and becomes saturated

Question 38

O2 unloading in tissues

Answer 38

-the tissues have a lower amount of 02 and therefore it released from HB -produces deoxyhaemoglobin or reduced haemoglobin (dark red) -the tissues/muscles produce co2 which reduces affinity for oxygen as it makes it more acidic which causes 02 to be released

Question 39

Co operative oxygen loading

Answer 39

-first oxygen that binds changes the tertiary structure which makes it easier for other oxygen molecules to bind

Question 40

What is a tetramer

Answer 40

Polymer consisting of 4 monomers

Question 41

What is a ferrous state of iron

Answer 41

Fe2+

Question 42

What is diapedesis

Answer 42

How white blood cells move out of the circulatory system and towards the side of tissue damage or infection

Question 43

Ameboid motion

Answer 43

Crawling like cell migration

Question 44

Positive chemotaxis

Answer 44

Movement of cellos towards a higher contraction of a stimulating substance(attractant)