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Clinical immunology > Haematopoiesis and an overview of the immune system > Flashcards

Haematopoiesis and an overview of the immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

What do immunological processes protect the body against?

A

Immunological processes protect the body against both communicable and non-communicable diseases.

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2
Q

What is a fundamental aspect of immune function?

A

Recognising ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ or ‘altered self’.

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3
Q

What do receptors on the surface of immune cell membranes recognise?

A

Receptors recognise protein markers called ‘self’.

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4
Q

What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

A

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is involved in the recognition of ‘self’ by immune cells.

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5
Q

How are self-reactive immune cells managed during lymphocyte maturation?

A

Self-reactive immune cells are weeded out through positive and negative selection, specifically more negative selection.

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6
Q

What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

A

PAMPs are ‘non-self’ molecules.

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7
Q

What do immune cell receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLR) recognise?

A

TLRs recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

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8
Q

What are the two types of innate immunity?

A

Innate immunity can be cellular or not.

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9
Q

What are the components of innate immunity that are not cellular?

A

Physical barriers, such as skin, keep pathogens out.

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10
Q

What do sebaceous glands in the skin produce?

A

Sebaceous glands produce sebum and lysozymes (tears).

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11
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Goblet cells produce mucin, defensin, and hydrochloric acid.

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12
Q

What is the function of lysozyme in innate immunity?

A

Lysozyme hydrolyses NAG-NAM glycosidic bonds in gram-positive bacteria.

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13
Q

What is human beta-1 defensin?

A

Human beta-1 defensin is a polypeptide with positively charged and hydrophobic regions that create pores in the membrane.

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14
Q

What is the origin of human beta-1 defensin?

A

It is an ancient antimicrobial peptide secreted by epithelial cells.

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15
Q

What are complement proteins?

A

Complement proteins are plasma pro-proteins activated in a cascade to create the membrane attack complex.

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16
Q

What are the types of innate immune cells?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes

All of these are granulocytes which contain cytosolic granules to kill pathogens.

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17
Q

What is the structure of innate immune cell nuclei?

A

Can have multi or bi-lobed nuclei.

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18
Q

How are innate immune cells activated?

A

Activated by ‘non-self’ antigens non-specifically through PAMP recognition.

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19
Q

What does the adaptive immune system involve?

A

Involves the humoral and cell mediated responses that involve T and B lymphocytes.

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20
Q

What do humoral responses involve?

A

Production and secretion of immunoglobulin proteins (antibodies).

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21
Q

What do cell mediated responses involve?

A

Cytotoxicity.

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22
Q

How are adaptive immune responses characterized?

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A

These responses are specific; each lymphocyte’s activation receptor recognizes a specific antigen.

23
Q

What percentage of leukocytes do lymphocytes make up?

24
Q

What can lymphocytes form?

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A

Memory cells which can last for years.

25
What is an antigen?
A substance that is capable of inducing an immune response. ## Footnote The term comes from being an antibody generator.
26
What are the types of antigens?
'Non-self', 'altered self', or 'self' (as seen in autoimmune diseases).
27
What does 'non-self' refer to?
Microorganisms and what they produce (endo/exotoxins).
28
What does 'altered self' refer to?
Viral infected cells or malignant cells (cancer).
29
What does 'self' refer to?
Autoimmune.
30
What is an epitope?
The immunogenic region of an antigen.
31
What process do all blood cells arise from?
All blood cells (leukocytes and erythrocytes) arise through haematopoiesis.
32
What are haematopoietic stem cells (HSC)?
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are 'multipotent' and able to differentiate into leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets (megakaryocytes).
33
Where does haematopoiesis occur in the embryo?
In the embryo, haematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac.
34
Where does haematopoiesis occur in the foetus?
In the foetus, haematopoiesis occurs in the liver and spleen.
35
Where does haematopoiesis occur in the neonate?
In the neonate, haematopoiesis occurs in the femur, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and the pelvis.
36
Where does haematopoiesis occur in adults?
In adults, haematopoiesis occurs in the pelvis and the sternum.
37
How is the process of haematopoiesis regulated?
This process is under strict regulation and ensures that blood cell development occurs in accordance with the specific needs of the organism.
38
What are the two types of blood cell development?
The two types of blood cell development are lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis.
39
How can leukocytes be identified?
Leukocyte identification can be done using a light microscope through haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.
40
How do eosinophils stain?
Eosinophils stain red as cytoplasmic vesicles contain basic proteins that bind to 'eosin', which is an acidic dye.
41
How do basophils stain?
Basophils stain blue as they bind to the basic dye 'haematoxylin'.
42
What defines haematopoiesis blockage?
Haematopoiesis blockage defines a number of diseases known as leukaemia.
43
What can cause leukaemia?
Leukaemia can happen at various stages in either pathway of development (myeloid or lymphoid leukaemia) due to genetic mutations that prevent normal differentiation.
44
What is the consequence of over-proliferation of non-functional blast cells?
Over-proliferation of non-functional blast cells leads to bone marrow becoming overcrowded, which reduces normal functioning blood cells and can result in bone marrow failure and lead to death.
45
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are "multipotent"
able to differentiate into : Leukocytes Erythrocytes Platelets (megakaryocytes)
46
Sites of haematopoiesis through the lifecycle
Embryo – yolk sac Foetus – liver and spleen Neonate – femur, sternum, ribs, vertebrae and the pelvis Adult – pelvis and the sternum
47
what is myelopoiesis
process of producing myeloid cells (type of white blood cells including neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils)
48
Hormones important in myelopoiesis
GM-CSF - granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor G-CSF - granulocyte colony stimulating factor EPO - erythropoietin TPO - thrombopoietin SCF - stem cell factor
49
Leukocyte identification
Can be done using a light microscope through haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining
50
How to tell the difference between leukocytes
Eosinophils – stain red as cytoplasmic vesicles contain basic proteins that bind to "eosin" which is an acidic dye Basophils – stain blue as they bind to the basic dye "haematoxylin"
51
Haematopoiesis blockage
This defines a number of diseases known as leukaemia This can happen at various stages in either pathway of development (myeloid or lymphoid leukaemia Genetic mutations prevent normal differentiation which leads to over-proliferation of non-functional blast cells (cancer) Bone marrow becomes over-crowded which reduces normal functioning blood cells. Can result in bone marrow failure and lead to death
52
Primary lymphoid organs
These are sites where granulocytes/lymphocytes are synthesised and matured in an antigen independent setting Lymphocyte generation and education Central selection Diversification This is covered in later lectures include Bone marrow = granulocytes B cells Thymus = T-cells
53
Secondary lymphoid organs
Sites where immuno-competent T and B lymphocytes are exposed to antigens (activated) through antigen presentation processes
54
Secondary lymphoid organs include
Lymph nodes – antigen from extracellular tissue fluid Spleen – antigen from the blood Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) - Peyer's patches (gut), appendix, tonsils and adenoids

Clinical immunology (11 decks)

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