Haemoatology Flashcards Preview

Pharmacy Year 2 Semester 2 > Haemoatology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Haemoatology Deck (31)
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1
Q

What are blood clots composed of?

A

• Blood Clot is composed of a meshwork of fibrin fibers running in all directions and entrapping blood cells, platelets, plasma

2
Q

Factor V Leiden Thrombophillia

A

Factor V Leiden is the name of a specific gene mutation that results in the development of the most common type of thrombophilia which is an inherited genetic disorder characterized by increased tendency to form abnormal blood clots.
People with factor V Leiden thrombophilia have a higher than average risk of developing a type of blood clot called a deep venous thrombosis (DVT).
DVTs occur most often in the legs, although they can also occur in other parts of the body, including the brain, eyes, liver, and kidneys.
Factor V Leiden thrombophilia also increases the risk that clots will break away from their original site and travel through the bloodstream

3
Q

What is plasmin controlled by?

A

• Plasmin is controlled by: Anti-activators and Antiplasmin

4
Q

Anaemia due to loss of RBCs

how does it happen?

A

Red blood cells can be lost through bleeding, which often can occur slowly over a long period of time, and can go undetected. This kind of chronic bleeding commonly results from the following:

Gastrointestinal conditions such as ulcers, haemorrhoids, gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), and cancer
Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen, which can cause ulcers and gastritis
Menstruation and childbirth in women, especially if menstrual bleeding is excessive and if there are multiple pregnancies

5
Q

Clotting cascade starting at thrombin

A

Thrombin changes fibrinogen to fibrin and it activates factor V, VIII and XII

6
Q

Blood cells need capacity for renewal. This system involves what?

A
  • proliferation of progeny stem cells
  • differentiation and maturation of stem cells into the functional cellular elements
  • in normal adults, the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of haematopoietic cells (WBC, RBCs and platelets) is limited to the bone marrow and widespread lympathic system and only mature cells are released into the peripheral blood
7
Q

Functions of the blood

A
-Transporting fluids such as:
Nutrients from digestive tract
O2 from lungs
Waste from cells
Hormones
  • Aids in heat distribution
  • Regulates acid-base balance
8
Q

What are WBCs (leukocytes) responsible for?

A

Phagocytosis – to engulf and absorb waste material and harmful microorganisms in the blood stream and tissues
Synthesis of antibody molecules
Inflammation process
Production of heparin – component found in lung and liver tissue which have the ability to prevent clotting of blood.
Heparin used in the treatment of thrombosis

9
Q

Pathology of Anaemia due to the destruction of RBCs

A

When red blood cells are fragile and cannot withstand the routine stress of the circulatory system, they may rupture prematurely, causing haemolytic anaemia. Haemolytic anaemia can be present at birth or develop later. Sometimes there is no known cause. Known causes of haemolytic anaemia may include:
Inherited conditions, such as sickle cell anaemia and thalassemia
Stressors such as infections, drugs, snake or spider venom, or certain foods
Toxins from advancedliver or kidney disease
Inappropriate attack by the immune system (called haemolytic disease of the newbornwhen it occurs in the foetusof a pregnant woman)
Vascular grafts, prosthetic heartvalves, tumours, severe burns, exposure to certain chemicals, severe hypertension, and clotting disorders
In rare cases, anenlarged spleen can trap red blood cells and destroy them before their circulating time is up

10
Q

what precursors are in the bone marrow?

A

The bone marrow contains both Erythroid (RBC) and leukocyte (WBC) precursors as well as platelet precursors

11
Q

What is the primary site of haematopoeisis and when does it become that?

A
  • bone marrow - located in spongy bone

- 6 months of gestation and then continues throughout life

12
Q

What is coagulation?

What does it depend upon?

A
  • Coagulation is the formation of fibrin meshwork (threads) to form a clot
  • Coagulation of blood depends on the balance between pro-coagulants and anti-coagulants
  • Prothrombin is the inactive form of thrombin
  • The liver depends on vitamin K in the production of factor 2,7,9 and 10
13
Q

How many types of anaemia are there?

How are they grouped?

A

There are more than 400 types of anaemia, which are divided into three groups:

Anaemia caused by blood loss
Anaemia caused by decreased or faulty red blood cell production
Anaemia caused by destruction of red blood cells

14
Q

Anaemia due to reduced or faulty production of RBCs

Conditions that may cause this?

A
With this type of anaemia, the body may produce too few blood cells or the blood cells may not function correctly. In either case, anaemia can result. Red blood cells may be faulty or decreased due to abnormal red blood cells or a lack of minerals and vitamins needed for red blood cells to work properly. Conditions associated with these causes of anaemia include the following:
Sickle cell anaemia
Iron-deficiency anaemia
Vitamin deficiency
Bone marrow and stem cell problems include: 
Aplastic anaemia
Thalassemia 
Lead exposure
15
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

• Fibrinolysis is the break down of fibrin by naturally occurring enzyme plasmin therefore prevent intravascular blocking

16
Q

What are RBCs (eryhtrocytes) responsible for?

A

Transport of oxygen and nutrients
Removal of waste and CO2 from the cells
Distribution of heat
Haemoglobin: the O2 carrying potential

17
Q

How is blood clotting prevented in the normal vasculaar system?

A

• Prevention of blood clotting in the normal vascular system occurs by: Endothelial surface factors, Fibrin fibers, Antithrombin III and Heparin

18
Q

Components of blood

A

55% plasma
45% RBCs
~1% leukocytes and thrombocytes

19
Q

Thrombocyte responsibilities

A

Platelets – the smallest of the solid components of the blood
Responsible for the coagulation (clotting) process
Embolism: a blood clot which is moving through the body

20
Q

categories of hematopoietic cells based on maturity

A

Hematopoietic cells can be divided into three types based on maturity:
Pluripotent stem cell capable of self-renewal and differentiation into all blood cells
Committed progenitor stem cells destined to develop into distinct cell lines
Mature cells with specialized functions

21
Q

Alerations in formed elements of the blood are a sign of what?

A

usually a result of disease rather than being the primary cause of disease

22
Q

INR

A

To assess how well the blood clots the World Health Organization has proposed an international reference which is called International Normalized Ratio (INR). The time it takes for the blood to clot is called prothrombin time (PT) and the INR is an international standard for the PT that facilitates the determination of the dose of blood thinners, also called anti-clotting medicines or anticoagulants.
Anti-clotting medicines are prescribed to patients who are at risk for a stroke. The normal INR value is between 2 and 3, but it could be different, depending on the condition of the patient.
The INR has two major advantages: it allows comparison between results obtained from different laboratories, and it allows investigators to standardize anticoagulant therapy in clinical trials and scientific publications.

23
Q

Define haematopoeisis

A

term describing the formation and developments of RBCs

Need to have capacity for self renewal

24
Q

Conditions that cause excessive bleeding

A

• Conditions that cause excessive bleeding include: Vitamin K Deficiency, Haemophilia and Thrombocytopenia.

25
Q

What is haematology?

A

Study of the blood

26
Q

define serum

A

liquid portion of blood, which does not contain one of the clotting factors, fibrinogen

27
Q

Replacement of peripheral hematopoietic cells is a function of…

A

Replacement of peripheral hematopoietic cells is a function of the pluripotent (totipotent) stem cells found in the bone marrow
Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all of the distinct cell lines with specific functions and they are able to regenerate themselves.
The pluripotent stem cells provide the cellular reserve for the stem cells that are committed to a specific cell line.

28
Q

Define serology

A

the study of antibody-antigen reactions using lab tests

29
Q

define plasma

A

yellow part of blood which does contain all of the clotting factors

30
Q

Define lipemic

A

abnormally high level of fat

milky-looking samples

31
Q

Draw the clotting cascade

A

rate how well it was done

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