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basic haem > Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Describe reticulocytes. hint: 5

A
  • Larger than RBCS,
  • lack central area of pallor,
  • have blueish tint called polychromasia,
  • has no nucleus but has RNA,
  • takes 1 day before becoming an erythrocyte.
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2
Q

where does haemopoiesis begin?

A

in fetal liver and spleen then in adults it goes to the bone marrow

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3
Q

sites/timespan of erythropoiesis? (where does it occur & when)

A
  • early foetal life: yolk sac
  • 2nd to 7th month: liver, spleen and lymph nodes
  • 7th month to birth: bone marrow
  • childhood: bone marrow of all bones
  • after 20 years: marrow of all flat bones eg. sternum, ribs, pelvis
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4
Q

how long does erythropoiesis take in humans?

A

4-8 days

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5
Q

stages of erythropoiesis?

A
  • Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
  • Proerythroblast ( Pronormoblast)
  • Basophilic erythroblast (normoblast)
  • Polychromatic erythroblast (normoblast)
  • Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)
  • Reticulocyte (no nucleus)
  • Erythrocyte
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6
Q

Requirements for erythropoiesis? hint: 5

A
  • iron
  • B12
  • folate
  • androgens
  • cobalt salt
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7
Q

what is the normal red cell count in men and women?

A
  • men: 4.5-6.5 x 10^12 /l; 5.5 +/- 1 x 10^12
  • women: 3.5-5.5 x 10^12 /l; 4.8 +/- 1 x 10^12
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8
Q

what is the normal white cell count?

A

5-11 x 10^9/l

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9
Q

what is the normal platelet count?

A

250-400 x 10^9/l

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10
Q

where is erythropoietin produced?

A

mainly the kidneys, little in the liver

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11
Q

too much erythropoietin can cause what?

A

decreased heart rate cuz it can increase blood viscosity

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12
Q

give egs of when erythropoietic activity is high?

A

anaemia, renal failure and tumour-secreting erythropoietin

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13
Q

give egs of when erythropoietic activity is low?

A

severe renal disease and polycythaemia vera (type of bone marrow cancer-causes it to make too much rbcs)

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14
Q

Late BFUE and CFUE have erythropoietin receptors. T or F.

A

T- when stimulated they will proliferate, differentiate and produce haemoglobin

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15
Q

which growth factors act on stromal cells?

A

IL-1 & TNF

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16
Q

which growth factors act on pluripotent stem cells?

A

SCF (stem cell factor)

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17
Q

which growth factors act on early committed cells?

A
  • IL-3
  • IL-4
  • IL-6
  • GM-CSF
18
Q

which growth factors act on late committed cells?

A
  • IL-5
  • G-CSF
  • M-CSF
  • EPO
19
Q

when ineffective erythropoiesis is marked what is usually raised?

A

serum unconjugated bilirubin and LDH levels

20
Q

how long does leucopoiesis take in humans?

A

10-14 days

21
Q

what is the lifespan of white blood cells?

A

13-20 days

22
Q

physiologic leucopoiesis can occur after?

A

exercise and adrenaline injection

23
Q

what is the lifespan of granulocytes?

A

4-8 hours in the blood and 4-5 days in tissue

24
Q

what is the lifespan of monocytes?

A

10-20 hours in blood and in tissue they become macrophages which live for several years

25
Q

what is the lifespan of lymphocytes?

A

weeks or months/decades depending on what the body needs (continuously recycled)

26
Q

Red bone marrow stores and releases granulocytes and monocytes. T or F.

A

T

27
Q

what is aplastic anaemia? (causes & effects)

A
  • decreased formation of all myeloid cell lines (pancytopenia)
  • susceptibility to infection, severe bleeding, anaemia
  • could be due to drugs, high radiation, abnormal immune response, idiopathic
28
Q

what is leukemia?

A

increased number of non-functional and non-differentiated white blood cells

29
Q

myeloid stem cells generate what kind of myeloid cells?

A
  • granulocytes
  • thrombocytes
  • monocytes
30
Q

what is the body’s first line of defence in the blood?

A

neutrophils

31
Q

how many lobes does the nucleus of neutrophils have?

A

3-5 lobes

32
Q

how many lobes does the nucleus of eosinophils have?

A

bilobed

33
Q

what do the granules of basophils contain?

A

histamine and heparin

34
Q

what do the granules of eosinophils have?

A

lysosomal enzymes and major basic protein

35
Q

what does the nucleus of basophils look like?

A

S shaped

36
Q

what do basophils form when they move into tissue?

A

mast cells

37
Q

what does the nucleus of lymphocytes look like?

A

round nucleus with no visible nucleoli
note: nucleoli is visible when lymphocyte is metabolically active

38
Q

what is the shape of the nucleus of monocytes?

A

kidney shaped

39
Q

give egs of what could cause elevated lymphocytes?

A
  • hairy cell leukemia
  • whooping cough
  • mononucleosis
40
Q

give egs of what could cause elevated eosinophils?

A
  • tape worm infestation
  • hook worm infestation
  • allergic reactions
41
Q

give egs of what could cause elevated monocytes?

A
  • tuberculosis
  • typhoid fever
  • malaria
42
Q

whats the normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

0-12 mm/hr
note: ESR is a non-specific test that is often used as an indicator of inflammation in the body. The higher the ESR, the more likely there is inflammation in the body.

basic haem (9 decks)

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