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Haematology > HAEMOPOIESIS > Flashcards

HAEMOPOIESIS Flashcards

1
Q

what is haemopoieisis?

A

Formation of blood cells (red, platelets and white)

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2
Q

what can haemopoiesis be subdivided into?

A

Can be subdivided into:
- erythropoiesis (RBC)
-thrombopoiesis (platelets)
-lymphopoiesis
-myelopoiesis or granulopoiesis

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3
Q

role of red cells and platelets?

A

red cells- O2/CO2 transport
Platelets- primary haemostasis

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4
Q

do platelets or red cells have a nucleus?

A

red cells and platelets do not have a nucleus

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5
Q

what are the classes of WBC?

A

-Granulocytes
-Monocytes
-Lymphocytes

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6
Q

what are the 3 granulocytes?

A

-Eosinophils
-Neutrophils
-Basophils

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7
Q

role of neutrophils?

A

-phagocytosis and play a part in acute inflammation

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8
Q

role of oesinophils?

A

-destroy parasites and modulate hypersensitivity reactions (allergy)

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9
Q

role of basophils?

A

modulate IgE reactions (type 1 hypersensitivity reactions)

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10
Q

Role of monocytes?

A

-precursors for macrophages
-modulate immune reactions, phagocytic clearance and regulatory functions

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11
Q

name 3 lymphocytes?

A

B cells
T cells
Natural killer (NK) cells

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12
Q

role of B cells?

A

humoral immunity (producing antigen specific antibodies)

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13
Q

role of T cells?

A

-cell mediated immunity
-Regulatory functions

(T cells bind to cell to destroy it compared to B cells producing antibodies)

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14
Q

role of Natural killer (NK ) cells?

A

anti viral/ tumour

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15
Q

red cell lifespan?

A

lifespan of red cell= 120 days (almost 4 months)

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16
Q

how many red cells are produced and lost a second?

A

2.5 million

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17
Q

neutrophil life span?

A

7 to 8 hours

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18
Q

how many neutrophils are produced and lost a second?

A

1-2 million per second lost and produced

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19
Q

how many platelets are produced and lost per second?

A

1 million

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20
Q

platelets life span?

A

7 to 10 days

21
Q

what are blasts (e.g. erythroblasts + myeloblasts)?

A

-nucleated precursor cells

22
Q

what is a megakaryocyte?

A

-Platelet precursor (platelets formed from budding of megakaryocytes cytoplasm)
-it is polyploid (contains more than 2 sets of chromosomes)

23
Q

what are reticulocytes?

A

immediate red cell precursors

24
Q

what are myelocytes?

A

nucleated precursor between neutrophils and blasts

25
Q

where do progenitors, and ultimately all haemopoietic cells come from?

A

Progenitors, and ultimately all haemopoietic cells come from haemopoietic stem cells (HSC)

26
Q

what are the development events in haemopoiesis?

A

-Self renewal
-Proliferation
-Differentiation
-Maturation
-Apoptosis

27
Q

explain what the self renewal step in haemopoiesis is?

A

Self renewal- a property of stem cells to create more stem cells, lost in descendants

28
Q

in adults- where are most haemotopoietic stem cells and progenitors cells based?

A

In an adult, most haemopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells are bone marrow based

in the axial skeleton + proximal long bones

29
Q

where do haemopoietic stem cells originate in the embryo?

A

in the mesoderm

30
Q

at what age in embryo are circulating committed progenitors detectable?

A

-at 5 weeks

31
Q

at what age does the liver start haematopoiesis as an embryo?

A

-6 weeks the liver starts haematopoiesis

32
Q

at what age in the embryo does the yolk sac stop haematopoiesis?

A

at 10 weeks

33
Q

at what in embryo does the bone marrow take over haematopoiesis?

A

around 16 weeks

34
Q

where does haematopoiesis occur in an adult?

A

Adult- haemopoiesis is restricted to the marrow within the axial skeleton, pelvis and proximal long bones

35
Q

where would a bone marrow biopsy be done in an adult?

A

Iliac crest or sternum

36
Q

where would a bone marrow biopsy be done in a young child?

A

in the tibial marrow cavity

37
Q

what are the cellular components of bone marrow?

A

-Haemopoietic cells
-Non haemopoietic cells e.g. adipocytes (fat cells), ‘fibroblasts’ osteoclasts, osteoblasts

38
Q

what are the 3 major components of the bone marrow?

A

-Cellular
-Connective tissue matrix
-Vascular elements

39
Q

explain the difference between the sinuses the arterioles and the capillaries drain into in the bone marrow compartment?

A

Arterioles drain into ‘sinuses’ – wide venous vessels, which open into larger central sinuses

In contrast to capillaries, ‘sinuses’ are larger and have a discontinuous basement membrane

40
Q

difference between red marow vs yellow marrow?

A

red marrow- haemopoietically active
yellow marrow- fatty and inactive

41
Q

what occurs to red and yellow marrow as we age?

A

Yellow marrow increases with age causing a reduction in marrow cellularity of older individuals

42
Q

what is the myeloid: erythroid ratio?

A

Relationship of neutrophils and precursors to proportion of nucleated red cell precursors

43
Q

Formed blood cells can pass through fenestrations in endothelial cells to enter circulation
- release of red cells has what effect on bone marrow?

A

release of red cells is associated with sinusoidal dilatation and increase blood flow

44
Q

Formed blood cells can pass through fenestrations in endothelial cells to enter circulation
-how are mature neutrophils released from marrow?

A

neutrophils migrate towards the sinusoid to be released

45
Q

Formed blood cells can pass through fenestrations in endothelial cells to enter circulation
-how are mature megakaryocytes released from marrow?

A

magakaryocytes extend long branching processes called proplatelets into the sinusoidal blood vessels

46
Q

what regulates haemopoiesis?

A
  1. Intrinsic properties of cells (e.g. stem cells vs progenitor cells vs mature cells)
  2. Signals from immediate surroundings and the periphery (microenvironmental factors)
  3. Specific anatomical area (‘niche’) for optimal developmental signals
47
Q

how is haemopoiesis investigated in mature non lymphoid cells?

A

Routine blood count, cell indices (by non specialists), morphology (blood film specialist)
-this is often sufficient

Less common specialist- bone marrow examination

48
Q

how is haemopoiesis investigated in mature lymphoid cells?

A

Expression of antigens indicating lineage or stage of development often required for lymphoid cells but not other cells (usually) – immunophenotyping

Cytochemistry- rarely used

49
Q

how is haemopoiesis investigated in haemopoietic progenitor/ stem cells?

A

They are morphologically indistinguishable cells

Immunophenotyping= identify patterns of protein (antigen) expression unique to a cell lineage, use antibodies (in combination) specific to different antigen

Clonogenic assays

Animal models

Haematology (23 decks)

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