Haemopoiesis

Question 1

What is haematopoeisis?

Answer 1

The formation of blood cells

Question 2

What are the three types of mature blood cells?

Answer 2

Red cells
White cells
Platelets

Question 3

What are the types of white cells?

Answer 3

Granulocytes
Monocytes/Macrophages
Lymphocytes

Question 4

What are the 3 granulocytes?

Answer 4

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 5

What are the 3 lymphocytes/

Answer 5

B cells
T cells
NK cells

Question 6

What are the 4 types of haemopoiesis?

Answer 6

Granulopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis
Erythropoesis

Question 7

What is the life span of Red cells?

Answer 7

120 days

Question 8

What is the life span of neutrophils?

Answer 8

7-8 hours

Question 9

What is the life span of platelets?

Answer 9

7-10 days

Question 10

Where do mature white cells come from?

Answer 10

Precursor cells

Question 11

Where do platelets come from?

Answer 11

Budding from megakaryocyte

Question 12

What are cells -blasts?

Answer 12

Nucleated precursor cell

Question 13

What are reticulocytes?

Answer 13

Immediate red cell precursor

Question 14

What are myelocytes?

Answer 14

Nucleated precursor between neutrophils and blasts

Question 15

What is the original precursor cell for all blood cells?

Answer 15

Haemopoietic stem cell

Question 16

Which cells can self renew?

Answer 16

Stem cells

Question 17

What is proliferation?

Answer 17

Increase in numbers

Question 18

What is differentiation?

Answer 18

Descendants commit to one or more lineages

Question 19

What is maturation?

Answer 19

Descendants acquire funtional properties

Question 20

What is apoptosis?

Answer 20

Descendants undergo cell death

Question 21

Embryonically, where do HSC originate?

Answer 21

Mesoderm

Question 22

When are comitted progenitors dectectable?

Answer 22

Week 5

Question 23

When does the yolk sac stop erythropoesis?

Answer 23

Week 10

Question 24

When does the liver start haemopoiesis?

Answer 24

Week 6

Question 25

When does the bone marrow start haemopoiesis?

Answer 25

week 16

Question 26

Where is haemopoiesis restricted to in adults?

Answer 26

Marrow within axial skeleton, pelvis and proximal long bones

Question 27

Which bones are most responsible for haemopoeisis?

Answer 27

Vertebra Sternum Rib (In that order)

Question 28

Where is bone marrow aspirated from in adults?

Answer 28

Posterior iliac crest | Sternum

Question 29

Where is bone marrow aspirated in children?

Answer 29

Tibia?

Question 30

What is the bone marrow?

Answer 30

Complex organ surrounded by a shell of bone with a neurovascular supply

Question 31

What are the 3 compartments of bone marrow?

Answer 31

Cellular Connective tissue matrix Vascular elements

Question 32

What cells are seen in bone marrow?

Answer 32

``` Haemopoietic cells Non-Haemopoeitic cells -Adipocytes -Fibroblasts -Osteobladts etc ```

Question 33

What is the bone marrow vasculature like?

Answer 33

Venous sinuses Nutrient artery and periosteal network Arterioles drain into sinuses

Question 34

How are sinuses different to capillaries?

Answer 34

Larger | Discontinuous basement membrane

Question 35

What 3 cells make up a bone marrow sinus?

Answer 35

Adipocyte Sinusoids Endothelial cell

Question 36

How can formed blood cells enter the circulation?

Answer 36

Through fenestrations in endothelial cells

Question 37

What is release of red cells associated with?

Answer 37

Sinusoidal dilation and increased blood flow

Question 38

Where do neutrophils actively migrate towards?

Answer 38

Sinusoid

Question 39

What do megakaryocytes do during release of cells from marrow?

Answer 39

Extend long processes called proplatelets into blood vessels

Question 40

What are two types of marrow?

Answer 40

Red and yellow

Question 41

What is red marrow?

Answer 41

Haemopoitically active

Question 42

What is yellow marrow?

Answer 42

Fatty inactive marrow

Question 43

WHich marrow increases with age?

Answer 43

Yellow marrow

Question 44

WHat is the myeloid:erythroid ratio?

Answer 44

Relationship of neutrophils and precursors to proportion of nucleated red cell precursors

Question 45

What should the m:e ratio be?

Answer 45

1.5-3:1

Question 46

when is the m:e ratiorreversed?

Answer 46

Compensatory haemolysis

Question 47

What 3 things regulate haemopoiesis?

Answer 47

Intrinsic properties of cells Microenvironmental factors Specific anatomical area

Question 48

What 'nurses' macrophages?

Answer 48

Erythroid islands

Question 49

What regulates neutrophil precursor maturation?

Answer 49

G-CSF | Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor

Question 50

What regulates growth and development of megakaryocytes?

Answer 50

Thrombopoietin

Question 51

What microenviromental factors regulate haemopoiesis?

Answer 51

Niche provides signals for expansion, differentiation or dormancy

Question 52

What does the niche provide access to?

Answer 52

Cytokines

Question 53

What can alter the niche?

Answer 53

Diseased states | Therapy

Question 54

How is haemopoiesis assessed?

Answer 54

Blood count Cell indices Morphology Bone marrow examination

Question 55

What is suffiecient asessment for non-lymphoid cells?

Answer 55

Blood count | Morphological assessment

Question 56

What is used for assessment of lymphoid cells?

Answer 56

Immunophenotyping

Question 57

What is looked for when assessing haemopoiesis?

Answer 57

Morphologically indistinguishable cells | Rare cell populations

Question 58

What is immunophenotyping?

Answer 58

Identify patterns of antigen expression unique to a cell lineage Use antibodies specific to different antigens